梁漱溟乡村建设的哲学思考

发布时间：2018-05-27 08:39

本文选题：梁漱溟 + 乡村建设　；参考：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：在上世纪二三十年代,面对日益危亡的中华民族,不少有良知的知识分子纷纷加入到救国图存的运动中来,梁漱溟就是其中的杰出代表。他“以文化救中国”的政治主张,并以儒家入世的精神,深入到社会实践,开展了他在山东邹平长达7年的乡村建设运动,成为20世纪社会改造的典范和新农村建设的先驱。乡村建设运动是梁漱溟哲学、文化思想以及他的社会价值理想在社会实践中的具体呈现。他的哲学思想来源于西方的柏格森的生命哲学、佛教的唯识学以及传统儒家哲学。梁漱溟是传统儒家文化的坚守者,但他并不拒斥西方文化,他认为中国文化本质上并不反对西方文化,两个不同异质的文化可以做到沟通调和。梁漱溟反对唯物史观关于意识和存在的关系,认为生产力并不是社会发展的最高动因,人类社会发展的最高动因应该是“人类的精神”。为此,他积极投身于乡村建设运动,目的就是要“启迪民智”,复兴中国文化,他试图以乡村这一社会实践基本层面的文化改造来构建理想的社会新秩序,谋求中国问题的解决。乡村建设的具体载体是乡农学校,乡农学校是个教育机关,更是一个行政管理机构,是将文化教育与社会管理融为一体的基层自治组织。乡村建设的动力主体是农民和知识分子相结合,以知识分子引发农民“自醒”,激发其人生向上之精神。乡村建设的制度设计是建立新礼俗,重新建立一团体组织,培养训练农民的组织意识和参与能力。乡村建设的重要举措是社会改良,包括乡村自卫、乡村卫生和移风易俗等方面。经过梁漱溟的乡村建设运动,邹平县的社会、经济、文化等方面都取得了巨大的成就。但由于其理论上的误区和现实环境所迫,乡村建设最终没能如愿以偿,以失败而告终。梁漱溟的乡村建设有着丰富的理论价值和实践意义,但同时也存在一些误区,他以中国的特殊性掩盖了矛盾的普遍性,否认中国存在阶级和阶级斗争。这样,他的乡村建设就只能在原有的社会制度下进行改良,没有抓住社会问题的本质,这注定使他的乡村建设最终成为道德的乌托邦。但梁漱溟的人格精神是值得肯定的,他关心下层民众,以强烈的政治责任感谋求中国问题的出路,并身体力行深入社会实践,充分反映出他崇高的道德情怀。另外,他主张立足中国实践,从中国文化出发,反对全盘西化,以传统文化融合现代元素的文化思想,不失为中国当下现代化建设可供借鉴的本土资源。本文根据梁漱溟的思想原著出发,借鉴他人的理论研究成果,着重对其乡村建设理论与实践进行哲学思考,以探析其思想原貌,并以马克思主义哲学基本原理对其理论误区进行分析,同时以唯物史观实事求是的态度,评价其乡村建设的得失,以资为当今的中国现代化建设,特别是农村的繁荣与发展,提供有益的参考。
[Abstract]:In the twenties and thirties of last century, in the face of the increasingly perilous Chinese nation, many intellectuals with conscience joined the movement to save the nation, and Liang Shuming was one of the outstanding representatives. His political proposition of "saving China by culture", and with the spirit of Confucianism's entry into the WTO, went deep into social practice, carried out his rural construction movement in Zouping, Shandong Province for seven years, and became a model of social transformation in the 20th century and a pioneer of the construction of new countryside. The rural construction movement is the concrete presentation of Liang Shuming's philosophy, cultural thought and his social value ideal in social practice. His philosophy is derived from Bergson's philosophy of life, Buddhism and traditional Confucian philosophy. Liang Shuming is the adherent of the traditional Confucian culture, but he does not reject the western culture. He thinks that the Chinese culture is not opposed to the western culture in essence, and two different cultures can communicate and harmonize. Liang Shuming opposes the relationship between consciousness and existence in historical materialism, and holds that productivity is not the highest motivation for social development, and that the highest motivation for human social development should be "human spirit". Therefore, he actively devoted himself to the rural construction movement, with the aim of "enlightening the people" and reviving Chinese culture. He tried to construct an ideal new social order with the cultural transformation of the village as a basic level of social practice. To seek a solution to the Chinese problem. The concrete carrier of rural construction is the rural agricultural school, which is an educational institution and an administrative organization. It is a grass-roots autonomous organization that integrates cultural education with social management. The main motive force of rural construction is the combination of peasants and intellectuals. The system design of rural construction is to establish new etiquette and custom, to re-establish a group organization, to train farmers' organizational consciousness and ability to participate. The important measures of rural construction are social improvement, including village self-defense, rural hygiene and changing customs. Through the rural construction movement of Liang Shuming, Zouping County has made great achievements in social, economic and cultural aspects. However, due to its theoretical misunderstandings and practical circumstances, rural construction failed to achieve its wish and ended in failure. Liang Shuming's rural construction has rich theoretical value and practical significance, but at the same time there are some misunderstandings. He conceals the universality of contradiction with the particularity of China and denies the existence of class and class struggle in China. In this way, his rural construction can only be improved under the original social system without grasping the essence of social problems, which doomed his rural construction to become a utopia of morality. But Liang Shuming's personality spirit is worthy of affirmation. He cares about the lower class, seeks the outlet of China's problem with strong political responsibility, and goes deep into social practice, which fully reflects his lofty moral feelings. In addition, he advocates that based on Chinese practice, starting from Chinese culture, opposing the overall Westernization, and integrating the cultural thoughts of modern elements with traditional culture, he can be regarded as a local resource for the current modernization construction of China. Based on the original works of Liang Shuming and the theoretical research achievements of others, this paper focuses on the philosophical thinking on the theory and practice of rural construction, in order to analyze the original appearance of his thoughts. It also analyzes its theoretical misunderstandings based on the basic principles of Marxist philosophy, evaluates the gains and losses of its rural construction with the attitude of seeking truth from facts from historical materialism, and aims at the prosperity and development of modern China, especially the rural areas. Provide useful reference.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.82

【引证文献】