残障者休闲参与与社会融入关系研究

发布时间：2018-09-13 09:19

【摘要】：多样性是人类社会发展的基本特征之一,多样个性的和谐共处和发展意味着个体的生存和生活状态与社会环境需要实现良好对接。多样性和谐共存的重要障碍之一即为社会排斥。而社会融入是与社会排斥相对应的社会学概念,从概念源起来看,是指政府在教育、健康、社会保障、就业、信息与沟通、安全等方面采取一系列的措施防止社会排斥;从融入主体来看,则反映了被排斥在社会主流之外的群体(如移民、失业者、老人、残障者等)通过经济、行为、心理等层面融入社会。随着生产力发展,人们对个体生活质量愈加关注,通过参与休闲活动,休闲主体能够调整身心,与他人互动增进社会化,实现个体发展、促进人际关系和融入社会。全球化带来的大众教育、大众传统和大众旅游改变了人们的休闲行为和公民权之间的关系,休闲对于个体和群体生活的深刻意义和社会价值逐步凸显,休闲学者的视野也拓展到了特定群体的休闲参与如何促进个体的社会融入等话题。西方发达国家始于20世纪四五十年代的针对残障群体的休闲服务,经过半个多世纪的发展,经历了从“隔离”到“融入”的理念转变与服务实践,从环境设施、服务内容、法律规范等方面都充分重视和保障残障者的休闲权利,“全纳休闲”概念的提出及服务体系逐步完善,反映出西方社会在为特殊群体提供休闲服务过程中逐步从特殊对待走向公平对待与促进融入的理念。就现状而言,残障者这一特殊群体容易遭受歧视和偏见,难以享受到普通人所享有基本社会服务,无论从世界范围还是我国范围看,残障者的社会融入都还处在较低水平,而这一问题受到更多更具体的关注,是政府与社会致力于实现社会公平,实现人的平等和全面发展的必然路径。而从残障者休闲现状来看,我国政府对残障者的关注大多聚焦于基本生活保障、康复、就业、教育等方面,而残障者正常参与社区生活和休闲活动、与非残障者共同享有休闲资源,通过休闲途径融入社会在主流话语空间影响甚微。就理论来看,现有研究中休闲活动的参与只是衡量社会融入的庞大指标体系中的细分指标之一,多数融入研究指向政策、制度与环境建设,而较少研究关注通过休闲参与来改善个体的社会生活参与和融入状态;而休闲参与相关理论及实证研究则较多指向休闲效益、休闲满意度、生活质量、主观幸福感等结果变量,但休闲参与除了能带来身心效益、社交效益、生活质量与幸福感提升等价值外,对于个体的社会融入价值如何,休闲参与的不同维度是否对社会融入存在影响及差异,不同活动类型的休闲参与是否对社会融入存在不同的影响,尽管西方休闲学界已进行了融入视角下的全纳休闲研究,但综合社会融入理论和休闲参与理论,并以残障者为研究对象来考察参与与融入关系的研究尚未可见。基于上述现实及理论背景,本研究从社会融入视角下的休闲参与理论与现状出发,基于残障者这一特定研究对象,通过问卷调查和定量研究的方式了解了以中国城镇生活背景为主的残障者休闲参与状况,揭示了休闲参与对社会融入的总体影响关系及不同活动类型和不同维度的休闲参与对社会融入的影响差异,验证了休闲参与与社会融入关系的理论模型,并进一步分析了休闲参与的社会融入价值及其影响特征,在此基础上为国内如何构建“全纳式”休闲服务体系提出了建议。具体而言,本研究共包括五个部分。第一部分主要阐述了论文的研究背景、研究目的与意义、研究内容、研究方法和技术路线以及研究创新点,对本研究进行了总体概述。第二部分主要对社会融入、休闲参与、休闲效益和休闲涉入相关理论进行了回顾和评述,进而找出本研究的切入点和理论视角。第三部分建立了本研究的理论框架与研究假设。论文首先界定了休闲活动类型,并结合《残障者休闲生活状况调查问卷》的调研结果反映了残障者参与不同类型休闲活动的基本状况,进而界定了休闲参与、社会融入和心理距离的内涵,并进行了变量关系的逻辑推演,基于理论分析提出本休闲参与与社会融入关系的概念模型和假设。第四部分基于概念模型进行了研究设计和假设检验,论文首先阐述了休闲参与量表与社会融入量表设计与前测,信度与效度检验和数据分析方法,并通过《残障者休闲参与与社会融入状况调查问卷》的调研结果收集了残障者在居家消遣类、文化社交类和户外运动与游憩类3类活动中的休闲参与和社会融入状况,基于调研数据,运用结构方程模型方法对理论模型进行了检验。研究结果表明,首先,残障者休闲参与程度能够通过心理距离的中介效应促进其社会融入程度,而心理距离对经济融入的影响程度高于对行为适应的影响。其次,不同维度的休闲参与对残障者社会融入影响程度不同,行为参与的影响程度低于情感涉入。再次,残障者在不同类型的活动参与中,其社会融入受到的影响存在差异,行为参与方面,居家消遣类活动参与对社会融入的影响程度最高,文化社交类影响程度居其次,户外运动与游憩类影响程度最低;情感涉入方面,影响程度恰好相反。第五部分对研究内容进行了总结,根据研究假设与数据分析结果总结并解释了研究结论,基于此对建立全纳式休闲服务体系提出思考和建议,最后分析了本研究存在的局限,并对未来的研究方向提出了展望。本文的创新点主要体现在以下四个方面:第一,本研究尝试基于全纳休闲思想,探讨残障者休闲参与与社会融入的关系,并比较不同维度的休闲参与对社会融入的影响差异,研究成果能够弥补残障者休闲与社会融入相关研究的不足,为后续研究提供较为新颖的分析思路。本研究以休闲学视角对残障者休闲参与的内涵和衡量维度进行研究,以社会学视角对残障者的社会融入的内涵和维度进行研究,并构建了两者的关系模型,通过理论与实证分析揭示个体休闲行为的社会融入价值和休闲参与作为社会融入达成路径的重要意义。第二,本研究没有沿用以往休闲参与研究中仅以不同类型活动的参与频次和时间来衡量休闲主体的参与程度,而是结合残障者的特征,尝试将休闲参与理论和休闲涉入理论相结合,从行为参与和情感涉入两方面考察休闲参与程度。在多数非残障者的正常休闲活动中,残障者限于种种制约无法在行动上真实参与,但并不妨碍其从态度和情感上予以关注,因此本研究将吸引性、中心性和自我表现等涉入的维度归纳为情感涉入,揭示行为参与和情感参与对社会融入影响的差异性,有助于深度了解残障者休闲参与的特征,为社会融入语境下构建全纳休闲服务体系提供参照。第三,本研究在国内外其他群体的社会融入研究基础上提出社会融入的两个维度即经济融入和行为适应,并探讨了休闲参与通过缩短心理距离促进残障人的社会融入,进一步揭示休闲参与对社会融入的影响机理。国内外社会融入的实证研究以移民、流动人口、城市新移民等为主要对象,相应的融入研究基本认同经济、行为、文化、心理等维度的线性递进关系,并将心理融入作为融入的最高目标,本研究尝试通过休闲参与的前置影响,揭示融入主体可能通过心理距离的改善进而促进其在行为和经济层面的融入,丰富社会融入理论,并为残障者社会融入实践提供理论指导。第四,本研究尝试从活动性质和空间角度对休闲活动类型进行划分,并分析活动类型在休闲参与与社会融入关系中的调节效应,为全纳休闲服务体系建设提供参考。本研究根据残障者的特征和固有局限,采用主观分类法,将休闲活动类型分为居家消遣类、文化社交类和户外运动与游憩类,性质上反映了偏静态的家庭式消遣、动静结合的社交活动和动态性较强的运动与游憩活动,空间上则反映了以家庭空间、城市社区空间和户外开放式空间,在休闲参与与社会融入关系模型中分类揭示残障者在不同性质和活动空间的休闲参与对社会融入的影响,为全纳休闲服务环境建设与项目设计提供参考。限于资源和能力水平,本研究还存在诸多局限。首先,在研究内容上:一是对休闲参与的衡量采用主观分析法划分活动类型,可能忽略某些残障群体的典型休闲活动;二是在社会融入的衡量上对主观层面维度的分析和测量还不够深入;三是未能研究主体变量内部各个维度之间的关系,因而不能更全面地反映其影响机制。其次,在研究方法上,本研究采用结构方程模型方法进行定量研究,在量表设计上某些变量维度所涵盖的测量变量不够完善和精准,可能会造成受访者出现选择性困惑,影响对数据结果。后期研究中可尝试运用深度访谈方法获取到更多有质量的信息。最后在实证研究样本选择上,无法采用常规渠道零散、均匀地筛选样本,这就造成人口学的特征分布不够均匀和规范;并且除部分程度较轻的肢体残障者之外,几乎所有调研对象都需要志愿者辅助完成问卷,一定程度也会导致理解偏差并影响最终研究结果的质量。
[Abstract]:Diversity is one of the basic characteristics of the development of human society. Harmonious coexistence and development of diversified personalities means that individual survival and living conditions and social environment need to be well docked. One of the important obstacles to the harmonious coexistence of diversity is social exclusion. Social integration is a sociological concept corresponding to social exclusion. Originally, it refers to the government taking a series of measures to prevent social exclusion in education, health, social security, employment, information and communication, security and other aspects; from the perspective of integration subjects, it reflects that groups excluded from the mainstream of society (such as immigrants, unemployed, the elderly, the disabled, etc.) integrate into society through economic, behavioral, psychological and other levels. With the development of productive forces, people pay more and more attention to the quality of individual life. By participating in leisure activities, leisure subjects can adjust their body and mind, interact with others, promote socialization, realize individual development, promote interpersonal relations and integrate into society. The relationship between rights, the profound significance and social value of leisure for individual and group life have gradually become prominent, and leisure scholars have also expanded their horizons to such topics as how leisure participation of specific groups can promote individual social integration. Over the centuries of development, the concept of "isolation" to "integration" has undergone a transformation and service practice. The concept of "inclusive leisure" has been put forward and the service system has been gradually improved, which reflects that western society provides rest for special groups. As far as the status quo is concerned, the disabled, a special group, are vulnerable to discrimination and Prejudice and are unable to enjoy the basic social services enjoyed by ordinary people. The social integration of the disabled is still at a low level both worldwide and in China. The government and society are committed to achieving social equity, equality and comprehensive development of the inevitable path. However, from the perspective of the status quo of the disabled leisure, the government's concern for the disabled mostly focuses on basic living security, rehabilitation, employment, education and other aspects, while the disabled participate in society normally. In theory, the participation of leisure activities in the existing research is only one of the sub-indicators in the huge index system to measure social integration, most of which are integrated into the policy, system and environment. Construction, while less research focuses on improving individual social life participation and integration through leisure participation; and leisure participation theory and empirical research more directed to leisure benefits, leisure satisfaction, quality of life, subjective well-being and other outcome variables, but leisure participation can bring physical and mental benefits, social benefits, quality of life and so on. In addition to the value of happiness promotion, there are differences in the value of individual social integration, whether the different dimensions of leisure participation have influence on social integration, and whether the different types of leisure participation have different influence on social integration. Although the Western leisure academia has conducted an inclusive leisure research from the perspective of integration, the comprehensive society Based on the above-mentioned realistic and theoretical background, this study proceeds from the theory and current situation of leisure participation from the perspective of social integration, based on the specific research object of disabled people, through questionnaire survey and quantitative research. This paper explores the leisure participation of the disabled with the background of urban life in China, reveals the overall impact of leisure participation on social integration and the differences between different types of activities and different dimensions of leisure participation on social integration, verifies the theoretical model of the relationship between leisure participation and social integration, and further analyzes the relationship between leisure participation and social integration. On the basis of the value of social integration of leisure participation and its influence characteristics, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to construct an inclusive leisure service system in China. Specifically, this study consists of five parts. The second part mainly reviews and comments the related theories of social integration, leisure participation, leisure benefits and leisure involvement, and then finds out the breakthrough point and theoretical perspective of this study. The third part establishes the theoretical framework and research hypothesis of this study. The types of activities and the results of the questionnaire reflect the basic situation of the disabled participating in different types of leisure activities, and then define the connotation of leisure participation, social integration and psychological distance, and deduce the logical relationship between variables. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper puts forward the leisure participation and social integration. The fourth part is the research design and hypothesis test based on the conceptual model. Firstly, the paper elaborates the design and pre-test of the Leisure Participation Scale and Social Integration Scale, the reliability and validity test and the data analysis method, and through the survey of the Questionnaire on Leisure Participation and Social Integration of the Disabled. Based on the survey data, the structural equation model is used to test the theoretical model. The results show that, firstly, the degree of leisure participation of the disabled can be mediated by psychological distance. Secondly, different dimensions of leisure participation have different effects on social integration of the disabled, and the influence of behavior participation is lower than that of emotional involvement. Thirdly, the social integration of the disabled in different types of activities is higher. In the aspect of behavior participation, the influence of home recreational activities on social integration is the highest, the influence of cultural and social activities is the second, the influence of outdoor sports and recreational activities is the lowest; the influence of emotional involvement is just the opposite. The results of data analysis summarize and explain the conclusions of the study. Based on this, the author puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on the establishment of inclusive leisure service system. This paper explores the relationship between leisure participation and social integration of the disabled, and compares the impact of different dimensions of leisure participation on social integration. The research results can make up for the deficiencies of relevant research on leisure and social integration of the disabled, and provide a relatively new analytical thinking for the follow-up study. This paper studies the connotation and measurement dimension of social integration of the disabled from the sociological perspective, and constructs the relationship model between them. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, it reveals the social integration value of individual leisure behavior and the importance of leisure participation as a path to social integration. Second, this study does not have any significance. In the past, leisure participation was only measured by the frequency and time of participation in different types of activities, but combined with the characteristics of the disabled, the theory of leisure participation and the theory of leisure involvement were tried to be combined, and the degree of leisure participation was examined from the aspects of behavior participation and emotional involvement. Often in leisure activities, the disabled can not really participate in action due to various constraints, but it does not prevent them from attitudinally and emotionally paying attention to it. Therefore, this study summarizes the dimensions of attractiveness, centrality and self-expression as emotional involvement, reveals the differences between behavioral involvement and emotional involvement in social integration, which is conducive to social integration. Thirdly, based on the study of social integration of other groups at home and abroad, this study puts forward two dimensions of social integration, namely economic integration and behavioral adaptation, and discusses the promotion of leisure participation through shortening psychological distance. The social integration of the disabled further reveals the impact mechanism of leisure participation on social integration. Empirical studies of social integration at home and abroad focus on immigrants, migrants, new urban migrants and so on. The corresponding integration studies basically identify with the linear progressive relationship of economic, behavioral, cultural and psychological dimensions, and take psychological integration as integration. The ultimate goal of this study is to reveal that the integration subject may promote its integration in behavior and economy through the improvement of psychological distance, enrich the theory of social integration, and provide theoretical guidance for the social integration practice of the disabled. Fourthly, this study attempts to explore the nature and space of activities. According to the characteristics and inherent limitations of the disabled, this study classifies the types of leisure activities into home recreation, cultural and social activities and outdoor sports by subjective classification. With the recreational category, it reflects the static family-style recreation in nature, the social activities combined with the static and the dynamic sports and recreational activities, and the space reflects the different nature and activities of the disabled in the relationship model of leisure participation and social integration by family space, urban community space and outdoor open space. The impact of leisure participation in space on social integration provides a reference for the construction of inclusive leisure service environment and project design. Limited to the level of resources and capabilities, there are still many limitations in this study. First, the content of the study is as follows: 1. Subjective analysis is used to classify the types of activities in the measurement of leisure participation, which may overlook the codes of some disabled groups. The second is that the analysis and measurement of the subjective dimension is not deep enough in the measurement of social integration; the third is that the relationship among the various dimensions of the main variable can not be more fully reflected. In the later research, we can try to get more quality information by depth interview. Finally, we can't use the conventional channel to select the sample for empirical research. In addition, almost all subjects need volunteers to complete the questionnaires, which may lead to misunderstanding and affect the quality of the final results.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：C913.69

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