上海市学龄儿童交通性体力活动及影响因素分析

发布时间：2018-09-14 19:50

【摘要】：背景:改革开放以来,随着快速的城市化进程,我国经济、社会、环境等发生了剧烈的变化,学龄儿童逐渐开始形成"静态"生活方式,体力活动水平下降,超重/肥胖发生率、视力不良率等问题也日益严重。同时,上下学两个时段与上下班高峰时段重叠,学校周边在较短的时间内形成较大的交通流,导致交通拥堵、秩序混乱等问题严重。鼓励学生步行或骑自行车上下学,不仅有助于提高学生的体力活动水平,降低超重肥胖发生率,而且能有效地缓解上下学时段学校周边交通压力。因此,本研究将从学校角度出发分析学龄儿童上下学交通方式特征并探讨学校特征及其周边建成环境与学龄儿童上下学交通方式的影响,同时以学龄儿童为对象探讨影响其上学时积极通勤频率的因素。方法:本文利用分层抽样选取上海市32所学校,数据收集主要采用以下方法:从学校角度利用行为观察法统计每所学校学生上下学交通方式,利用问卷调查法从学生个人角度收集相关信息,以及利用百度API客观测量学校周边以及学龄儿童居住地附近建设环境特征。最后,统一使用SPSS23.0进行数据分析,具体分析方法包括:描述性统计分析、单因素方差分析、卡方检验、简单线性回归分析、主成分分析以及二元logistic回归分析等。结果:研究一的主要结果有:(1)步行仍然是上海市学龄儿童上下学的主要交通方式,乘电瓶车已成为上海市小学生上下学主要交通方式之一;(2)学生上学时采用乘小汽车、乘电瓶车两种交通方式的比例高于放学时的比例;男生独自步行上下学的比例高于女生,而由家长陪同步行上下学的比例均低于女生;中心城区所有学校步行上下学分担率均超过50%,郊区学校步行上下学分担率相对较低。(3)学校附近的建成环境对学生步行上学交通方式选择的影响显著,共发现32个变量(包括交通设施、人口密度和土地混合使用等方面)与步行上学的可能性呈显著正相关。相比上学时,学校特征及其周边的建成环境与学生放学时交通方式的选择有显著相关性的变量较少。研究二的主要结果有:(1)上海市学龄儿童在通常的一周中采用积极交通方式上学达3次及其以上的人数较少,仅占43.1%;(2)与社会关系的互动情况对学龄儿童是否是经常步行或骑自行车上学有重要影响。父母的体力活动水平、父母对孩子参与体力活动的态度、家人朋友等直接参与学龄儿童的体力活动或静态行为、家人鼓励孩子参与体力活动等与社会关系的互动情况相关的变量与学龄儿童是否经常步行或骑自行车上学有显著相关性;(3)孩子的休闲性体力活动水平、学校在校学生人数、学校与家的距离、居住地200m缓冲区内餐厅的数量等变量与孩子是否经常步行或骑自行车等积极交通方式上学有显著相关性。结论:步行仍然是上海市学龄儿童上下学的主要交通方式,但是经常采用步行上学的学生人数较少、状况不容乐观。影响学龄上下学交通方式选择的因素很多,其中学校周边建成环境、与社会关系的互动情况2个方面因素的影响最大。
[Abstract]:BACKGROUND: Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid urbanization process, China's economy, society and environment have undergone drastic changes, school-age children have gradually begun to form a "static" lifestyle, physical activity level has declined, the incidence of overweight/obesity, poor vision rate and other issues are becoming increasingly serious. Encouraging students to walk or ride bicycles to and from school is not only helpful to improve the level of physical activity of students, reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity, but also can effectively alleviate the traffic pressure around schools during school hours. Therefore, this study will analyze the characteristics of school-age children's commuting modes from the school point of view, and explore the impact of school characteristics and its surrounding built environment on school-age children's commuting modes. At the same time, this study will take school-age children as the object to explore the factors affecting their active commuting frequency at school. In 32 schools in Haishi, the following methods were used to collect data: from the school point of view, behavior observation method was used to count the traffic mode of each school, questionnaire method was used to collect relevant information from the student's personal point of view, and Baidu API was used to objectively measure the characteristics of the construction environment around the school and around the residential area of school-age children. Then, SPSS23.0 was used to analyze the data, including descriptive statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, simple linear regression analysis, principal component analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. Battery cars have become one of the main means of transportation for pupils in Shanghai. (2) The proportion of pupils using car and battery cars at school is higher than that at school. The proportion of boys walking to and from school alone is higher than that of girls, while the proportion of parents accompanying them to and from school is lower than that of girls. All the schools in the district shared more than 50% of the total credits on foot, while those in the suburbs had a relatively low rate. (3) The built environment around the school had a significant impact on the choice of the mode of transportation for walking to school. A total of 32 variables (including transportation facilities, population density and land use) were found to be related to the possibility of walking to school. The main results of study 2 are as follows: (1) The number of school-age children in Shanghai who attend school three times or more in a normal week by active means of transport is less, accounting for only 43.1%; (2) The level of physical activity of parents, parents'attitudes toward their children's participation in physical activity, family and friends' direct participation in physical activity or static behavior of school-age children, and family members'encouragement of children's participation in physical activity and other social relations have an important impact on whether school-age children often walk or ride bicycles to school. Variables related to interaction were significantly correlated with whether school-age children often walked or bicycled to school; (3) The level of leisure physical activity of children, the number of students in school, the distance between school and home, the number of restaurants in the 200 m buffer zone where children lived, and the number of active traffic such as walking or bicycling were correlated. Conclusion: Walking is still the main mode of transportation for school-age children in Shanghai, but the number of students who often use it is not optimistic. Factors have the greatest impact.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C913.5

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