北京城市居民职住分离特征与影响机制研究

发布时间：2018-10-13 13:10

【摘要】：改革开放以来,城市化快速发展和社会经济领域的一系列改革,促使北京城市内部空间结构发生大规模调整,传统职住合一的“单位大院”模式逐渐被打破,居住和就业空间分离现象日益明显,职住分离引起的交通拥堵、通勤时间增加和生活质量下降等问题受到社会广泛关注。因此,探讨北京城市居民职住分离特征,并揭示职住分离的影响因素和形成机制对于北京城市内部空间结构研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。论文以北京市为案例,基于2005年和2010年两次大规模问卷调查数据和汇总统计数据,综合运用了社会网络、数理统计和GIS空间分析等方法,按照“特征—因素—机理”的研究思路对北京城市居民职住分离特征和影响机制进行了系统研究。首先,对北京城市居民职住分离整体特征和人群分异特征进行了分析；其次,探讨了居民个体层面和区域层面职住分离的影响因素；最后,对北京城市居民职住分离的形成机制进行了归纳。研究主要得出以下结论： (1)北京城市居民职住分离程度加剧。2010年北京城市居民平均通勤时间和距离分别为43.3分钟和7.0千米,比2005年均有显著增加。 (2)通勤时间、通勤距离、通勤优势度和通勤出发时间的空间分异明显。由城市中心向外围通勤时间和距离呈逐增趋势,通勤优势度呈逐渐趋势,通勤出发时间出现偏早的趋势。 (3)北京城市空间存在的居住和就业空间不匹配现象,区域居住和就业功能定位不同造成通勤网络中心度差异和通勤流向以向心通勤为主。 (4)不同社会属性居民群体的通勤时间和通勤距离存在显著差异性,通勤满意度特征和居住-就业空间格局也有所区别。按通勤时间和距离长短排序均为：年轻白领年轻打工族一般平民高收入阶层,其中,一般平民和年轻打工族的通勤满意度相对较高,高收入阶层和年轻白领的通勤满意度相对较低。 (5)远郊区居住、到天安门距离、住房面积、非单位类型住房、年轻打工族和年轻白领等因素加剧职住分离程度,近郊／远郊就业、单位规模10-49人／100人以上、男性等因素减轻职住分离程度。另外,不同社会属性居民群体的职住分离影响因素有所差异。 (6)北京城市居民职住分离产生是宏观机制和微观机制综合作用下的结果。宏观机制主要包括城市化发展、旧城改造、土地有偿使用制度、单位制度改革、交通发展；微观机制主要包括社会经济属性、家庭生命周期、居住特征、就业特征、个人偏好。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of urbanization and a series of reforms in the field of social economy have prompted a large-scale adjustment of the spatial structure within the city in Beijing. The separation of living space and employment space is becoming more and more obvious. The problems such as traffic jam increasing commuting time and declining quality of life caused by the separation of occupation and residence have been paid more and more attention by the society. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance for the study of the spatial structure of Beijing city to probe into the characteristics of the separation of occupation and residence among urban residents in Beijing, and to reveal the influencing factors and the formation mechanism of the separation of occupation and residence. Taking Beijing as an example, based on the data of two large-scale questionnaires in 2005 and 2010, the paper uses the methods of social network, mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis. According to the idea of "characteristic-factor-mechanism", the separation characteristics and influence mechanism of occupation and residence of urban residents in Beijing are studied systematically. First of all, it analyzes the overall characteristics and population differentiation characteristics of urban residents in Beijing. Secondly, it discusses the factors affecting the separation of occupation and residence at the individual level and regional level. Finally, it analyzes the factors affecting the separation of occupation and residence at the individual level and the regional level. The formation mechanism of the separation of occupation and residence of Beijing urban residents is summarized. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the degree of occupational separation of urban residents in Beijing is increasing. In 2010, the average commuting time and distance of urban residents in Beijing were 43.3 minutes and 7.0 km, respectively. Compared with 2005, there were significant differences in commuting time, commuting distance, commuting advantage and commuting departure time. (2) the spatial differentiation of commuting time, commuting distance, commuting advantage and commuting departure time were significant. The commuting time and distance from the city center to the periphery are increasing gradually, the commuting superiority degree is showing a gradual trend, and the commuting departure time is on the early side. (3) the residential and employment space mismatch exists in the urban space of Beijing. Different location of regional residence and employment function resulted in the difference of commuting network center degree and commuting direction mainly in concentric commuting. (4) there were significant differences in commuting time and commuting distance among residents with different social attributes. Commuting satisfaction characteristics and residential-employment spatial pattern are also different. The order of commuting time and distance is as follows: young white-collar young migrant workers have relatively higher commuting satisfaction. The commuting satisfaction of high-income class and young white-collar workers is relatively low. (5) factors such as living in the far suburbs, distance from Tiananmen Square, housing area, non-unit type housing, young migrant workers and young white-collar workers, etc., increase the degree of separation of occupation and housing. Employment in the suburbs / suburbs, unit size of 10-49 people / 100 people, men and other factors to reduce the degree of separation of occupation and residence. In addition, there are differences in the factors affecting the separation of occupation and residence among different social attribute groups. (6) the separation of occupation and residence of urban residents in Beijing is the result of the combination of macro mechanism and micro mechanism. The macroscopic mechanism mainly includes the urbanization development, the old city transformation, the land paid use system, the unit system reform, the transportation development, the microscopic mechanism mainly includes the social economy attribute, the family life cycle, the residence characteristic, the employment characteristic, the personal preference.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：C913.31;C913.2

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