印象形成中的启动效应及其消除机制
发布时间：2018-11-28 16:23
【摘要】：印象形成是社会心理学的一个重要研究领域。20世纪70年代以来,受认知心理学的影响,这一研究领域开始探讨人的内部心理加工过程。印象形成的启动效应研究就在这时兴起并发展起来。印象形成的启动效应按其价值可分为积极启动和消极启动。经过启动的感受者会对目标做出更倾向于启动值的评价。 在以往研究中,研究者关注的重点是感受者在阅读了目标的行为句子是否会自发的推理其特质,以及启动效应对这个过程的影响。以往研究者使用的行为句子,都具有明显的特质倾向性,或者完全是中性。前者即使不看行为者,通过句子本身就可以推理出一个显著特质,后者不能推理出特质。因此前者具有明显的自发特质推理效应,而后者没有。但实际上,很多行为具有模糊性,和不同行为者进行联系时可能会推理出不同的特质,因此本研究在继承前人研究的基础上,试图探讨一个模糊行为受到不同类别标签启动后,是否会发生自发特质推理。以往研究发现,经过适当启动的被试,必然会产生相应的结果,而最近研究表明,无意识思维状态下会做出更优的决策,通过该理论似乎可以消除启动效应的方法,因此本研究还将应用无意识思维理论寻找启动效应的消除机制。 本研究共三个实验：实验一对类别标签进行阈下启动,以考察启动值与探测一致性对模糊行为感受性的影响,41名大学生参加了该实验。实验二在实验一的基础上进行改进,对类别标签进行阈上启动。30名大学生参加了该实验。在实验三中,被试经过启动之后,在三种不同的思维模式对目标进行评价,以考察无意识思维对启动的消除作用。175名大学生参加了该实验。 ,在以上三个实验的基础上,并结合已有的研究成果,本研究得出如下结论： 首先,对于目标的模糊行为,感受者会受到类别标签启动的影响,对于有积极意义的行为者,感受者会推理其具有积极的特质；对于有消极意义的行为者,感受者会推理其具有消极的特质。 其次,对于阈下启动,效果不如阈上明显,在阈上启动的条件下,即使目标的模糊行为,被试也会对目标进行自发特质推理,而在阈下启动条件下,效果不明显。 第三,若目标是具有积极意义的个体,被试显示出更强的自发特质推理,意味着被试更愿意推理此类目标所具有的特质。而对有消极意义的个体,被试更倾向于采用回避的态度, 最后,出于一些原因,对被试进行的特质启动没有影响到被试对目标的模糊行为的评价,因此对于无意识思维能够消除启动的影响还缺乏有力的证据。
[Abstract]:Impression formation is an important research field in social psychology, which has been influenced by cognitive psychology since 1970s. The priming effect of impression formation arose and developed at this time. The priming effect of impression formation can be divided into positive priming and negative priming according to its value. The initiator rated the target more in favor of the priming value. In previous studies, the researchers have focused on whether the target's behavioral sentence will spontaneously infer its characteristics and how the priming effect affects the process. The behavioral sentences used by researchers in the past have obvious trait orientation, or are completely neutral. Even if the former does not look at the actor, the sentence itself can infer a remarkable trait, the latter can not infer the trait. So the former has obvious spontaneous trait inference effect, while the latter has not. However, in fact, many behaviors are fuzzy, and they may infer different characteristics when they relate to different actors. Therefore, based on previous studies, this study attempts to explore a fuzzy behavior initiated by different categories of labels. Whether spontaneous trait reasoning will occur. Previous studies have found that subjects who have been properly primed are bound to produce corresponding results, while recent studies have shown that unconscious thinking makes better decisions and seems to eliminate the priming effect through this theory. Therefore, this study will also apply the unconscious thinking theory to find the mechanism of eliminating the priming effect. In this study, there were three experiments: subliminal priming was performed on a pair of category labels to investigate the effects of the priming value and detection consistency on the sensitivity of fuzzy behavior. 41 college students participated in the experiment. The second experiment was improved on the basis of experiment 1. Thirty college students participated in the experiment. In experiment 3, after starting up, the target was evaluated in three different modes of thinking in order to investigate the elimination effect of unconscious thinking on priming. 175 college students participated in the experiment. On the basis of the above three experiments and combined with the existing research results, this study draws the following conclusions: firstly, for the fuzzy behavior of the target, the receptor will be affected by the activation of the category label. For positive actors, the perceiver will infer that they have positive characteristics; For negative actors, the perceivers infer that they have negative characteristics. Secondly, the effect of subthreshold priming is not as obvious as that of suprathreshold priming. Under the condition of suprathreshold priming, even the target's fuzzy behavior, the subjects will infer the target's spontaneous trait, but under the condition of subthreshold priming, the effect is not obvious. Third, if the target is a positive individual, the subjects show stronger spontaneous trait reasoning, which means that the subjects are more willing to infer the characteristics of such goals. For the negative individuals, the subjects were more inclined to adopt an evasive attitude. Finally, for some reasons, the trait priming did not affect the evaluation of the fuzzy behavior of the subjects. There is therefore no strong evidence that unconscious thinking can eliminate the effects of priming.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.6
本文编号：2363498
[Abstract]:Impression formation is an important research field in social psychology, which has been influenced by cognitive psychology since 1970s. The priming effect of impression formation arose and developed at this time. The priming effect of impression formation can be divided into positive priming and negative priming according to its value. The initiator rated the target more in favor of the priming value. In previous studies, the researchers have focused on whether the target's behavioral sentence will spontaneously infer its characteristics and how the priming effect affects the process. The behavioral sentences used by researchers in the past have obvious trait orientation, or are completely neutral. Even if the former does not look at the actor, the sentence itself can infer a remarkable trait, the latter can not infer the trait. So the former has obvious spontaneous trait inference effect, while the latter has not. However, in fact, many behaviors are fuzzy, and they may infer different characteristics when they relate to different actors. Therefore, based on previous studies, this study attempts to explore a fuzzy behavior initiated by different categories of labels. Whether spontaneous trait reasoning will occur. Previous studies have found that subjects who have been properly primed are bound to produce corresponding results, while recent studies have shown that unconscious thinking makes better decisions and seems to eliminate the priming effect through this theory. Therefore, this study will also apply the unconscious thinking theory to find the mechanism of eliminating the priming effect. In this study, there were three experiments: subliminal priming was performed on a pair of category labels to investigate the effects of the priming value and detection consistency on the sensitivity of fuzzy behavior. 41 college students participated in the experiment. The second experiment was improved on the basis of experiment 1. Thirty college students participated in the experiment. In experiment 3, after starting up, the target was evaluated in three different modes of thinking in order to investigate the elimination effect of unconscious thinking on priming. 175 college students participated in the experiment. On the basis of the above three experiments and combined with the existing research results, this study draws the following conclusions: firstly, for the fuzzy behavior of the target, the receptor will be affected by the activation of the category label. For positive actors, the perceiver will infer that they have positive characteristics; For negative actors, the perceivers infer that they have negative characteristics. Secondly, the effect of subthreshold priming is not as obvious as that of suprathreshold priming. Under the condition of suprathreshold priming, even the target's fuzzy behavior, the subjects will infer the target's spontaneous trait, but under the condition of subthreshold priming, the effect is not obvious. Third, if the target is a positive individual, the subjects show stronger spontaneous trait reasoning, which means that the subjects are more willing to infer the characteristics of such goals. For the negative individuals, the subjects were more inclined to adopt an evasive attitude. Finally, for some reasons, the trait priming did not affect the evaluation of the fuzzy behavior of the subjects. There is therefore no strong evidence that unconscious thinking can eliminate the effects of priming.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C912.6
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1 马红骊,方芸秋;启动效应的研究及其理论[J];心理科学;1992年05期
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 王成义;印象形成的启动效应研究[D];山东师范大学;2000年
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