罗斯福时期总统行政权研究（1932-1941）

发布时间：2018-01-31 03:33

本文关键词： 罗斯福新政总统行政权三权分立经济危机　出处：《安徽大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 富兰克林·罗斯福是美国历史上一位重要的总统,1932年至1941年他大展拳脚制定和实行“新政”。一位重要的总统,一段特殊的时期,而且美国行政权也是其三权分立中非常重要的一部分,所以研究这段时期的总统行政权也是及其有意义的一件事。为了更好的研究罗斯福时期总统行政权,笔者先是从大的方面着手,对美国总统的行政权的含义和范围进行概述；了解行政权在美国“三权分立”中的作用和地位,以及新政时期之前美国总统行政权的发展。这样将罗斯福时期的总统行政权放在整体之中,并做时间上的对比,很容易就看出罗斯福新政时期总统行政权的特点了。罗斯福时期总统行政权最大的特点就是总统行政权进行了扩张。进行行政机构改革,建立总统执行机构,使得行政机构的增多,行政人员数量的大大增长,而这些都是行政权扩张的表现,特别是“布朗洛报告”之后罗斯福总统公布第1号改革计划和第2号改革计划,预算局和白宫办公厅成为总统的左膀右臂,对总统行政权的扩张起着很大的作用。为了应对经济危机,在国会的支持下总统取得管理全国经济的权力,总统行政权从范围和深度都有了增长。而1937年之后,最高法院也开始支持新政,这也是总统行政权扩张的表现。总统甚至取得了实质的立法权,总统行使否决权的次数增加,可以说行政权向立法权的延伸。罗斯福新政时期总统行政权的扩张是由多种原因造成的。罗斯福总统行政权的扩张既有理论上的基础,又有相关政治制度的支持。既有社会发展大环境的推动,也有经济危机、实行新政提供的契机。随着社会的发展,国会、法院处理经济及其他事物的局限性逐渐显现,也给了总统行政权扩张的机会。当然罗斯福个人对总统行政权扩张也有贡献。正是由于这些原因共同作用,使得总统行政权得扩张。总统行政权扩张在罗斯福新政时期是一个不可否认的事实,但并不就代表总统行政权可以无限制的扩张下去。可以说美国的三权分立宪法原则从根本上就限制了行政权无限扩张的可能性。不仅国会、最高法院、独立行政机构,文官制度等都从各个方面对总统权的扩张进行了限制,美国的两党制等政治制度也会阻碍总统行政权的无限扩张。而且这些因素不是独自单个的限制总统行政权的扩张,它们通常都是相互联系,共同作用的。行政权扩张不可怕,可怕的是没有限制、没有监督的行政权扩张,所以权力的限制对行政权扩张来说至关重要。罗斯福总统行政权扩张是顺应历史趋势的,促进美国的发展。而且,事实证明,罗斯福行政权扩张并不是历史上的特例,在罗斯福之后,美国的行政权扩张没有停止。而总统行政权扩张更是非常时期提高行政效率的需要。研究过去,就是为了建设更好的未来,尽管现今中国和美国有着各方面的区别和不同,但是对罗斯福总统行政权的研究对我国应对经济危机,发展我国行政权还是有启示意义的。
[Abstract]:Franklin I is the history of the United States is an important president, from 1932 to 1941 he flexed his muscles in the development and implementation of "New Deal". An important president, is a special period, and part of the executive power is important in the separation of powers, a matter of presidential executive power so the Research of this period and is also meaningful.
In order to better study Roosevelt's presidential executive power, the author starts from a general view, the meaning and scope of the administrative power of the president of the United States are outlined; the role and status of the executive power in the United States "three powers" in the new period of development, and before the president of the United States for the regime. This will be the president of administrative power during the period of Roosevelt on the whole, and compared the time, is easy to see Roosevelt characteristics of presidential executive power.
The characteristics of Roosevelt's presidential executive power is the biggest expansion of presidential executive power. The administrative reform, the establishment of the presidential executive body, the increase of administrative institutions, the number of administrative staff is greatly increased, and these are the expansion of administrative power performance, especially the "Brownlow report" after President Roosevelt announced first reform plan and second, the reform plan, the budget office and the White House office become the president's right-hand man, for the expansion of presidential executive power plays an important role. In order to cope with the economic crisis, with support from the Congress president for the management power of the national economy, the executive power in both scope and depth. The growth after 1937 the Supreme Court also began to support the new deal, this is also the president of the expansion of executive power. The president even obtained essential legislative power, the exercise of presidential veto number increased, can be said to The extension of the administrative power to the legislative power.
Roosevelt expansion of presidential executive power is caused by a variety of reasons. President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power has both theoretical basis, and relevant political system support. Both to promote the development of social environment, and the economic crisis, the implementation of the new deal to provide the opportunity. With the development of society, Congress, limited the court's handling of the economy and other things gradually, also gave the opportunity to expand presidential executive power. Of course, President Roosevelt himself also contributed to the expansion of administrative power. It is due to the interaction of all these reasons, the presidential executive power was expanded.
The expansion of presidential executive power in Roosevelt period is an undeniable fact, but it doesn't mean that presidential executive power can be unlimited expansion. It can be said that the United States the possibility of the constitutional principle of separation of the three powers fundamentally limits the unlimited expansion of administrative powers. Not only the Congress, the supreme court, independent administrative institutions, civil service the system is in the expansion of presidential power from various aspects of the restrictions, the unlimited expansion of the American two party system and political system will hinder the presidential executive power. And these factors are not isolated in limiting the expansion of presidential executive power, they are often interrelated and interaction. The expansion of administrative power is not terrible. Terrible is no limit, no supervision of the expansion of administrative power, so the power to limit expansion of executive power is critical.
President Roosevelt's expansion of administrative power is a historical trend, and promote the development of the United States. But, in fact, the Roosevelt expansion of administrative power and not special case in history, after Roosevelt, the expansion of administrative power. And the president did not stop the expansion of administrative power is the need to improve the administrative efficiency of the very period. The study of the past, is in order to build a better future, despite the current Chinese and the United States have difference in various aspects, but the research on the executive power of Roosevelt to deal with the economic crisis in our country, the development of administrative power in our country is meaningful.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712

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