论西战场在美国内战中的地位

发布时间：2018-02-26 19:27

本文关键词： 美国内战西部战场物资补给交通枢纽总体战思想　出处：《山东师范大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 发生于19世纪60年代的美国内战历时三年,揭开了现代战争的序幕。战争最初是由南方奴隶主阶级为维护奴隶制度企图脱离联邦而挑起,林肯政府为了维护统一出兵平叛,因此纵向来看,战斗多数都发生在南方各州境内。从横向来看,由于阿巴拉契亚山脉这条天然的界线,战争又可被划分为东西两个战场。由于双方的首都皆在东部,因此东部战场便成为了美国国内和国际各方关注的焦点,战后对美国内战史的研究也大多是围绕着东部战场而展开。相比较而言,西部战场的地位和对内战结果的影响却没有引起足够的重视,这也正是本文的写作契机。本文将把着眼点放在西战场之上,力图全面、客观地论述西部战场在美国内战中所占的重要地位。首先,从地域方面来看,东部战场是一条狭长的沿海平原,从资源和物产方面来看并不足以满足这场“蒸汽时代的第一次大战”。但由于交战双方首都皆位于这里,使得这里成为了名副其实的政治经济中心区域,整个内战中南北双方及全世界的注意力也都被吸引在此。西部战场则是美国广阔的中部大平原,森林河网密布、零散的分布着丘陵和山地,各种资源和物产都极为丰富,是美国南方主要的经济来源区域。粮食、棉花、木材、水果、石油等物产和资源使得西战场注定将成为最终决定战争结果的主战场。历次大规模现代战争都证明,赢得资源是赢得战争关键。其次,从军事统帅方面来看,为北方赢得内战最终胜利的将领大多来自于西部战场,格兰特、谢尔曼、法拉格特、托马斯、巴特勒、谢里丹这些名字都与西战场紧密相联。而东部战场的麦克道尔、麦克莱伦、伯恩赛德、胡克等将领面对南军名将罗伯特·李则不断失利,非但无法为北方赢得战争胜利,反而因他们的失败使得北方一度陷入前所未有的政治危机。在这种情况下,正是由于西部的将领们齐心合力、协同作战,在广阔的西部战场上赢得了一系列的胜利,一步步的控制了西部所有的交通枢纽、港口和工农业重地,完全断绝了南军的物资补给,最终使得南方无力再战,彻底投降。再次,从作战方面来看,由于东部战场的狭长和政治上的重要地位,使双方的注意力都集中在彼此首都的攻防上,双方的将领不得不采取谨慎稳妥的作战策略,以至于战争的后期彻底演变成相持不下的堑壕战。而西部战场空间广阔,双方不再拘泥于寸土不让和计较一时得失,军事行动也更加的灵活多变、机智百出。南北的将领们在这里上演了夏洛、维克斯堡、查塔努加、亚特兰大等一幕幕永载史册的经典战役。最后,从军事思想方面来看,总体战的兴起与发展无疑引领了时代的潮流。从林肯经历了内战初期的军事失利后,改变策略,建立了总体战的基本构想,到格兰特把总体战的构想首先在西部战场付诸实践,并演变为对敌人经济的打击和“无条件投降”策略,再到谢尔曼从进攻亚特兰大到夺取萨凡纳推行的“三光政策”和对南方军民无差别的精神、意志摧残,总体战思想一步步的建立并完善起来。因此,总体战思想正是从美国内战的西部战场走向世界的,一战、二战、冷战以及各大局部战争处处都有总体战思想的影子。文章结尾对西部战场各方面的情况进行了总结,最终得出结论,西部战场才是主导美国内战胜负的主战场。
[Abstract]:In 1860s the American Civil War lasted three years, opened a prelude to the modern war. The war was originally developed by the southern slave class for the maintenance of slavery and secession attempt to provoke, Lincoln government in order to maintain the unity to intervene, so the vertical perspective, most of them occurred in the southern states fighting territory. From the lateral view, because of the Appalachian Mountains. Natural boundaries, war may be divided into two battlefield. Because the two sides are in the capital of Eastern, Eastern battlefield have become the focus of domestic and international parties concerned, the research on the history of American Civil War are mostly around the eastern battlefield and expand. In comparison, the status of Western battlefield and the influence on the civil war has not caused enough attention, and this is the writing opportunity. This paper will focus on the battlefield to the west, The important position of the Western battlefield in the American Civil War is discussed objectively.
First of all, from a regional perspective, the eastern battlefield is a narrow coastal plain, from the perspective of resources and property is not enough to satisfy this "age of steam for the first time in war. But because both sides are located in the capital here, make here become worthy of the name of the political economic center of the region, North and South both sides and attention all over the world are attracted by this. The Western battlefield is the Central Plains of America vast forest, dense river network, scattered distribution in Hilly and mountainous areas, various resources and products are extremely rich, is the main source of economic region of southern United States. Grain, cotton, wood, fruit, oil and other products and resources the West will become the main battlefield battlefield finally decided the outcome of war. The previous large-scale modern war are destined to win that resource is the key to win war.
Secondly, from the aspect of military commander, the North won the final victory for the civil war generals, mostly from the Western battlefield, Grant, Sherman, Farragut, Thomas, Butler, Sheridan these names and West battlefield closely. The eastern battlefield of Mcdowell, Mcclellan, Burnside, Hooke and other generals in the face of Robert Lee's loss of his instead, for the north to win the war, but because of their failure in the North once fell into a hitherto unknown political crisis. In this case, it is the Western generals together, work together, won a series of victories in the vast battlefield, a step by step control of the western all traffic hub the port and industrial and agricultural areas, completely cut off Confederate supplies, eventually making the south to battles, surrender.
Again, from the operational aspect, because of the important position of Eastern battlefield and narrow political, so that both sides have focused their attention on each other capital offence and defence, both generals had to take prudent operational strategy, so that at the end of the war into the stalemate is not completely under the trench warfare. Western battlefield space is vast, the two sides no longer adhere to and never to yield an inch of ground regardless of short-term considerations, military action is more flexible, wit 100. The north and South generals staged here in Charlotte, Fort Vickers, Char Thanou Fagafaga, Atlanta and other classic battle scenes forever in the annals of history.
Finally, from the aspect of military thoughts, the rise and development of total war is undoubtedly leading the trend of the times. Lincoln experienced a change of strategy at the beginning of the civil war after the military defeat, and established the basic conception of total war, the concept of total war to Grant first put into practice in the Western battlefield, and evolved into a fight and no surrender to the enemy "strategy of the economy, and Sherman seized Savannah implementation of the" three policy "and the spirit, no difference to the South and from Atlanta to attack will destroy, the total war thought step by step to establish and perfect. Therefore, the total war is thought to the world from the Western battlefield of the American Civil War. A war, World War II, the cold war and the local war everywhere general war thought shadow.
At the end of the article, the situation of various aspects of the Western battlefield was summarized, and the conclusion was concluded that the Western battlefield was the main battlefield leading to the victory and defeat of the American Civil War.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.43

【共引文献】