冷战中的美苏载人登月竞赛

发布时间：2018-03-06 01:29

本文选题：冷战　切入点：美国　出处：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：20世纪50年代末至70年代初,美苏两国政府在冷战的特殊背景下,进行了以载人登月为目的的太空争夺战。逢二战结束以来,伴随着第三次工业革命的浪潮,以空间技术为代表的高新技术领域逐步成为美苏两国国家利益的核心内容。美国和苏联在尽量避免直接对抗的情况下,利用各种方式来宣传各自政治制度的优越性,以进行意识形态方面的争夺。美苏两国在进行了卫星发射和载人航天技术方面的竞赛后,又不惜投入大量的物力与人力进行载人登月竞赛,企图通过科技竞争来争夺冷战的主动权。而这场惊心动魄的登月角逐,不但加速了航天技术的发展,也对处于冷战中的美苏两国产生了深远的影响,并导致美苏两国的政治、经济、文化和社会发展产生了重大变革。本文以美苏冷战的背景作为切入点,通过对历史文献和科技文献的解读,来详细描述美苏载人登月竞赛的起因、经过和结果,并对美苏登月竞赛的成败得失做出了客观的分析和总结,从而展现出航天技术发展与人类社会、政治、经济、文化之间微妙而又复杂的特殊联系。论文共分为三个部分,分别是前言、正文和结语。前言主要介绍了选题的意义和国内外的研究现状。而正文则是文章的主体部分,共分为四个章节：第一章分为两个部分。第一部分主要描述了在太空竞赛初期,苏联在卫星发射技术和空间载人技术方面所取得的优势,并系统分析了苏联取得领先地位的原因。第二部分则着重介绍了艾森豪威尔时期的美国太空政策,以及美国民众对于苏联太空成就的态度,通过对艾森豪威尔政府太空政策的分析,来诠释美国应对苏联挑战的复杂心态。第二章也分为两个部分。第一部分主要阐述了美国总统肯尼迪决策阿波罗计划的历史经过,并对肯尼迪的真实动机进行了探讨和分析。第二部分则重在叙述苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫对待苏联登月计划的决策问题,并且深入分析了苏联登月计划推迟出台的原因。第三章分为三个部分。第一部分展现了美国阿波罗计划历经波折,最终实现载人登月的历史壮举,并对尼克松终止阿波罗计划的原因进行了详细论述。第二部分则主要描述了美苏两国在登月竞赛中明争暗斗的历史过程,并对苏联载人登月工程失败的具体经过和结果进行了研究。最后一部分则主要介绍了美苏两国为了结束登月竞赛,缓和两国的紧张关系,所进行的初次合作尝试——联盟19号与阿波罗18号的首次太空对接,以及这一合作的历史意义之所在。第四章分为两个部分。第一部分主要探讨了苏联载人登月工程失败的主要原因并非单纯的技术因素,而是由政治因素所造成的政策失误导致的。而苏联载人登月工程的失败,最终影响了冷战的历史进程。第二部分则重点分析了美国在载人登月竞赛中的得与失,以及美苏登月竞赛对当今世界发展的启示。最后是结语部分,归纳总结了美苏两国所进行的登月竞赛对冷战进程的重要作用,以及对人类社会产生的深远影响。
[Abstract]:At the end of 1950s to early 70s, the Soviet Union and the United States government in the context of the cold war, the manned lunar space for the purpose of every battle. Since the end of World War II, with the third industrial revolution, high-tech fields in space technology as the representative of the United States and the Soviet Union has gradually become the core content of the national interests of the United States and. Try to avoid direct confrontation with the Soviet Union in the case, the superiority of using a variety of ways to promote their own political system, to carry out ideological struggle. The United States and the Soviet Union in the satellite and manned space technology competition, and invested a lot of material and human human race to the moon, to the initiative through the competition of science and technology for the cold war. And this thrilling moon race, not only to accelerate the development of space technology, also in the cold war in the United States and the Soviet Union produced two Profound changes have been made in the political, economic, cultural and social development of the United States and the Soviet Union.
In this paper, the background of the cold war as a starting point, through the interpretation of historical literature and literature of science and technology, a detailed description of the cause of Soviet manned moon race, and after the results of the Soviet Union, and the moon race made an objective success and failure, gain and loss analysis and summary, in order to show the development of space technology and human society, politics. Special economic, subtle and complex cultures.
The paper is divided into three parts, namely, the preface, the main body and the conclusion. The preface mainly introduces the significance of the topic selection and the research status at home and abroad, and the body is the main body of the article, which is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly described in the early Soviet space race, made in the satellite launch manned space technology and technology advantages, and systematically analyzes the reasons why the Soviet Union has achieved a leading position. The second part focuses on the U.S. space policy of the Eisenhower period, and the attitude of the American people in the Soviet Union space achievements, through the analysis of the Eisenhower government's space policy, complex mentality to interpret the United States against the Soviet challenge.
The second chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly expounds the president Kennedy Apollo decision plan and history after Kennedy's real motives are discussed and analyzed. The second part focuses on the narrative decision problem of Soviet leader Khrushchev towards the Soviet lunar program, and in-depth analysis of the causes of the Soviet lunar program to postpone the introduction.
The third chapter is divided into three parts. The first part shows us the Apollo plan twists and turns, finally achieve the moon historical feat, and the reasons for the termination of Nixon Apollo plan were discussed in detail. The second part mainly describes the history of the United States and the Soviet Union in the process of fighting in the race to the moon, and the specific course and outcome of the Soviet Union manned lunar exploration project failure was studied. The last part mainly introduced the United States and the Soviet Union to the end of the race to the moon, easing tensions between the two countries, the initial cooperation of the trial - Union No. 19 and No. 18 Apollo's first space docking, as well as the historical significance of this cooperation.
The fourth chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly discusses the main reasons of the Soviet manned lunar exploration project failed technology factors is not a simple, but lead to policy mistakes caused by political factors. While the Soviet manned lunar exploration project failure, and ultimately affect the historical process of the cold war. The second part focuses on the analysis of the United States in the manned the race to the moon in the gain and loss of enlightenment as well as the United States and the Soviet Union on the moon race in today's world.
The last part is the concluding part, which summarizes the important role of the United States and the Soviet Union in the war on the cold war and the profound influence on the human society.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K153

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