戈尔巴乔夫时期苏联宗教政策及其影响（1985-1991）

发布时间：2018-03-08 16:15

本文选题：苏联　切入点：宗教政策　出处：《东北师范大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 在当代世界上,宗教信仰是极为普遍的社会现象,约有80%的世界人口有宗教信仰,宗教种类繁多、差别各异。因宗教信仰所引发的社会矛盾和冲突层出不穷,宗教在国际生活中和国家的各领域生活中的影响巨大,成为世界上乃至各国内一种不可忽视的社会势力。而对于20世纪世界上领土面积最大的国家苏联来说,不但拥有着众多的民族和复杂的民族关系,而且还是宗教信仰种类繁多和宗教信仰氛围极为浓厚的大国。有中国学者指出:“俄罗斯是一个典型的东正教国家,东正教对俄罗斯的影响巨大而又深远。……俄罗斯的历史就是俄罗斯国家与东正教相互融合与相互渗透的历史,无法把两者严格地区分开来。”①这里所说的俄罗斯应该包括苏联时期在内。在苏联时期,不但东正教势力得以存在乃至发展,苏联国内其他宗教也有相当的数量和一定的社会影响。在苏联这样的国家里,要想处理好国家与宗教之间关系是一件极为不易的事情,而国家的宗教政策又会直接地影响到宗教的存在和发展,会影响到各宗教之间关系的走向,也会引发包括宗教问题在内的一系列社会问题的尖锐化和严重化。这样,为了处理好国家与宗教之间的关系、平衡宗教之间的利益关系以及维护社会的稳定,国家对宗教的政策就显得极为重要。 20世纪90年代初,苏联突然崩塌分裂,震惊世界,同时它的解体也标志着第二次世界大战后所形成的冷战格局的被打破,世界秩序也由两极格局转变成为多极化格局。而作为当时世界上两极格局之一极的苏联的解体是一个令人深思的历史性问题。而造成苏联解体的因素是多方面的,既有传统性的政治理念、经济因素、文化因素、价值观念和外部环境的影响,也有新的政治观念、经济理论、文化思想和国际环境等诸多因素的影响。在诸多造成苏联解体的因素当中,国家没有处理好宗教问题也是诱因之一,即与苏联国家宗教政策所存在的问题及其这种宗教政策所带来的社会影响是不可或缺的。众所周知,戈尔巴乔夫是决定苏联解体的关键人物,他执政的1985-1991年所奉行的宗教政策对苏联解体发生了重要的影响。本论文的研究是遵循历史唯物主义的基本原理,以马克思主义关于宗教与国家的关系理论为基础,以历史文献资料和档案资料为依据,以历史发展进程为线索,侧重研究在戈尔巴乔夫时期苏联国家的宗教政策,以及这一政策对苏联的影响,特别是对宗教势力发展和渗透的推动作用。在这一论题的研究内容中,首先,着重宏观性地介绍了苏联各个历史时期国家对宗教的政策的变化情况以及扼要地分析了各宗教政策中所包含着的历史问题,在此基础之上,重点地阐述和研究了在苏联走向分裂的戈尔巴乔夫时期,国家对宗教发展的政策变化以及这些宗教政策对国内宗教发展所产生的影响和所暴露出来的问题,国内宗教发展形势和影响以及国外宗教势力的渗透情况,国内外宗教极端势力在苏联解体中所产生的深刻的影响,最后,从整体和理论的层面上,以1985-1991年为所研究的主要时间段落,针对因宗教政策存在的问题而引发的一系列社会问题在苏联解体过程中所产生的深刻影响,多方位地、比较深入地进行了分析和研究,力求将这一时期宗教势力在苏联国家中所处的地位和所发生的影响,以及宗教与国家间所存在的密切关系展现出来。
[Abstract]:In the contemporary world, religion is a very common social phenomenon, about 80% of the world's population have religious beliefs, religious types, the differences vary. Due to religious beliefs caused social contradictions and conflicts emerge in an endless stream, in the field of international religious life and national students live in huge influence, and even become the world each one can not ignore the social forces. In twentieth Century and the largest territory area in the world of the Soviet Union, not only has a large number of ethnic groups and the complex ethnic relations, but also the types of religious belief and religious belief are extremely strong atmosphere of the country. There are Chinese scholars pointed out: "Russia is a typical the Orthodox countries, mutual fusion and mutual penetration of the orthodox history of Russia's great and profound influence. The history of Russia is Russia and the Orthodox Church, to two Strictly separate areas. "It said Russia should include the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era, not only the existence and development of the orthodox forces, the Soviet Union also has a considerable number of other religious and social influence. In the countries like the Soviet Union, to handle the relationship between the state and religion is a a very easy thing, but the country's religious policy will directly affect the existence and development of religion, will affect the trend of the relationship between the various religions, sharp and serious will also cause a series of social problems, including religious problems. So, in order to deal with the relationship between state and religion the balance of the interests of the relationship between religion and the maintenance of social stability, national religious policy is extremely important.
At the beginning of 1990s, sudden collapse of the Soviet Union shocked the world, at the same time it also marks the collapse formed after the Second World War, the cold war pattern was broken, the bipolar structure of world order into a multi polar pattern. And then as the disintegration of a bipolar world of the Soviet Union, is a historic problem which is deeply. And factors causing the disintegration of the Soviet Union is various, both traditional political ideology, economic factors, cultural factors, values and external environment, there is also a new political concept, economic theory, cultural ideas and international environmental factors. The factors causing the collapse of the Soviet Union in many among them, one of the country did not deal with religious issues and causes, namely social effect caused by the existing problems with the Soviet Union national religious policy and the religious policy is indispensable.
As we all know, Gorbachev is the key figure to decide the breakup of the Soviet Union. His religious policy pursued in the past 1985-1991 years has had an important influence on the breakup of the Soviet Union.
The research of this thesis is to follow the basic principle of historical materialism, the Marx doctrine on religion and national relations theory based on historical documents and archives according to the process of historical development as the clue, focuses on the study of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the period of the religious policy, and the policy of the Soviet Union. Especially the development of religious forces and penetration of the role.
In the research content of this thesis, firstly, introduces emphatically the macroscopic policy of religious changes in various historical periods of Soviet countries and makes a brief analysis of the history of the religious policies contained in, on this basis, emphasized and studied in the Soviet Union to split the Gorbachev period, influence the development of national religious policy changes and the religious policy of domestic religious development and problems exposed, infiltration of domestic religious development situation and influence and foreign religious forces, domestic religious extremist forces resulting in the collapse of the Soviet Union and profound influence, finally, from the overall and theoretical level mainly, the research time in 1985-1991 years as the end, a series of social problems existing in the religious policy because of problems caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union in the process of The profound influence has been analyzed and studied in many aspects, trying to reveal the status and influence of religious power in the Soviet Union and the close relationship between religion and the state.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K512.56

【引证文献】