论法国登山者对登山运动的认知变迁（1874-1919）

发布时间：2018-03-21 08:32

本文选题：体育史　切入点：法国登山俱乐部　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：登山运动始于启蒙时代并非巧合,理性觉醒破除迷信面纱,唤起求知热情,是探索高山地区的重要前提,登山运动也因此而与科学考察结缘。1874年法国登山俱乐部正式成立,俱乐部将自己定位为学会,在登山运动中推崇科学考察的地位,使科学考察成为从事登山运动的最正当理由,这一正当性贯穿本文研究时段。文化资本的权威由此得以确立,有教养的中产阶级在登山者中占据大多数,他们中一些人凭借丰厚的文化、社会、经济等资本成为俱乐部领导人,掌握俱乐部刊物编辑出版的关键权力,并通过设定俱乐部工作和关怀内容,对登山者施加认知影响。登山运动的实际发展并非完全遵照科学考察方向,而是出现了一些偏离倾向,比如俱乐部将登山运动与审美趣味、爱国情怀、培育道德等内容相联系,甚至关心环境整治。这些倾向与登山者群体的构成相对应,体现了有教养的中产阶级的志趣,看似偏离登山运动,实质上却强化了文化、社会、经济资本在登山者空间中的权威,形成对登山者空间现有支配逻辑的肯定,确认和加强了俱乐部领导人支配地位的正当性,因此并未引起争议。俱乐部领导人凭借对群山的熟悉,俨然成为山间权威,不仅掌握着山间向导、住宿等资源,甚至获得政府认同组建山区军队、掌管军事滑雪学校和国际滑雪赛事管理权等,这些权力源自对登山者空间中符号资本的占有,根本上却是源自登山者空间之外的文化、社会、经济资本。但是偏向体育运动却完全不同。19世纪末,体育运动在法国兴起,引起俱乐部的一些变化和强烈反应,1904年俱乐部改版刊物,科学相关内容的比例大幅度下降,登山者对登山运动的认知分裂趋于明显。法国学者瓦比安借鉴文化史和社会学方法,围绕对登山运动的定义之争,详述了登山者之间的争议内容及支配关系,他将法国登山者划归为文化精英、体育精英、家庭登山(支持大众化)三类,并认为文化精英居于支配地位。这一划分的准确性值得商榷,而且瓦比安也未能揭示导致争议的深层原因:登山者空间中以占据符号资本和符号权力最为关键,以攀岩者小组为代表的一些登山者,日益崇尚优异登山能力的权威,实质上确立起认可身体资本作为符号资本的新逻辑,这消解着文化、社会、经济资本的原有地位,颠覆了登山者空间的原有支配逻辑,对居支配地位的登山者而言,其正当性岌岌可危,这是登山者之间主要争议的由来。至1919年高山小组建立,俱乐部内正式形成崇尚体育原则的团体,可以视作严格意义上现代登山运动在法国的起点。
[Abstract]:It is no coincidence that the mountaineering began in the Enlightenment period. The rational awakening to break down the veil of superstition and arouse enthusiasm for knowledge is an important prerequisite for the exploration of the high mountains, and the mountaineering movement is therefore bound up with scientific investigation. In 1874, the French mountaineering Club was formally established. The club regards itself as a society, and advocates the status of scientific investigation in the mountaineering movement, making scientific investigation the most legitimate reason for engaging in mountaineering. This legitimacy runs through the research period of this paper, and the authority of cultural capital is thus established. The educated middle class is the majority of climbers, some of whom, with their rich cultural, social, economic and other capital, become club leaders, wielding the key power of editing and publishing club publications. By setting up the contents of club work and care, it exerts cognitive influence on climbers. The actual development of mountaineering does not completely follow the direction of scientific investigation, but shows some deviations, such as the club puts mountaineering and aesthetic taste. Patriotic feelings, cultivation of morality, etc., and even concern for environmental remediation. These tendencies correspond to the composition of the group of climbers, which reflect the interests of the educated middle class and seem to deviate from the mountaineering movement, but actually strengthen the culture. The authority of social and economic capital in climbers' space forms the affirmation of the existing dominating logic of climbers' space, which confirms and strengthens the legitimacy of the dominant position of club leaders. The club leaders, with their familiarity with the mountains, have become an authority in the mountains. They not only hold the mountain guides, accommodation and other resources, but they even get the approval of the government to set up a mountain army. In charge of military ski schools and the management of international skiing events, these powers derive from the possession of symbolic capital in climbers' space, but fundamentally from cultures and societies outside the climbers' space. Economic capital. But the preference for sports is completely different. At the end of the 19th century, sports sprang up in France, which caused some changes and strong reactions of clubs. In 1904, the club revised its publications, and the proportion of science-related contents dropped dramatically. The cognitive division of mountain climbers tends to be obvious. According to the cultural history and sociological methods, the French scholar Vabian elaborated the contents of the dispute and the dominating relationship between the climbers around the dispute over the definition of mountaineering. He classified French climbers as cultural elite, sports elite, family mountaineering (supporting popularity), and considered the cultural elite to be dominant. The accuracy of this division is open to question. And Wabian failed to reveal the underlying causes of the controversy: the climbers' space was dominated by symbolic capital and symbolic power, and some climbers, represented by rock climbers' groups, increasingly embraced the authority of excellence in mountaineering. In essence, a new logic of recognizing body capital as symbolic capital has been established, which dispels the original status of cultural, social and economic capital, and subverts the original dominating logic of climbers' space. Its legitimacy is at stake, which is the origin of the main dispute among climbers. By 1919, when the mountain group was established, the club formally formed a group advocating sports principles, which can be regarded as the starting point of modern mountaineering in France strictly.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K565.4

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