对英美“火炬”行动背景及决策过程之研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 19:05

本文选题：“火炬”行动　切入点：英国战略　出处：《首都师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文论述了第二次世界大战期间的英美实施“火炬”行动的背景及决策过程,是一篇有关军事历史和军事外交的论文。英美之间的战略接触在二战爆发前就已经开始。1938年美国海军作战计划司司长英格索尔奉罗斯福之命前往伦敦,与英方举行非正式的秘密会谈,标志着英美战略合作的开端。到美国参战前,英美两国在1939年、1940年和1941年举行了多次会谈,涉及范围由远东太平洋逐渐扩大到大西洋,参与军种由单一的海军发展到各军种,尤其1941年1-3月的ABC会谈更是确定了“先欧后亚”的大战略框架,是英美合作的里程碑。然而,出于不同的国家利益,英美双方在如何实行“先欧后亚”的大战略上却存在着不同的解读。英国的战略主张通过经济封锁、空袭和颠覆手段消耗敌人,等敌弱我强时再发起正面进攻。美国的战略主张与敌人尽早进行面对面的大规模决战。从1941年12月“阿卡迪亚”会议开始,英美双方围绕欧洲战略和太平洋战略展开了一系列费时费力的观点交锋。1943年以前,已有两年作战经验的英国,在军事战略方面比美国更加成熟、更有优势。相比之下,美国军方由于缺乏总体政策的指导,对大战略的实施没有详细方案。所以,在美国参战后一段不短的时期内,英国的战略构想成为盟国作战的主要战略选择。其表现之一就是邱吉尔战略思想的“体育家”计划的实行。该计划后来发展为著名的“火炬”行动。英美战前和战时的战略合作表现出既合作又斗争的鲜明特点。火炬行动在这样的背景下成功完成。它是整个反法西斯战争的重要组成部分,使同盟国控制了整个北非,标志着第二次世界大战中的战略优势开始转移到联合国家手中。它也鼓舞了世界反法西斯人民。它是“霸王行动”的第一次演习,为盟国日后实施大规模登陆作战提供了实战经验。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses the background and decision-making process of the implementation of Torch in Britain and the United States during the second World War. It is a paper about military history and military diplomacy. Strategic contacts between the United States and the United States began before the outbreak of World War II. In 1938, Ingersoll, the director of the US Navy's War Planning Division, went to London on the orders of Roosevelt to hold informal secret talks with the British side. It marks the beginning of the strategic cooperation between the United States and the United States. Before the United States entered the war, the two countries held numerous talks in 1939, 1940 and 1941, which gradually expanded the scope from the far East Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, and participated in the development of the armed services from a single navy to various services. In particular, the January-January ABC talks in 1941 defined the strategic framework of "first Europe before Asia", which was a milestone in Anglo-American cooperation. However, due to different national interests, Britain and the United States have different interpretations on how to implement the grand strategy of "first Europe before Asia." Britain's strategic stand is to consume the enemy by means of economic blockade, air strikes and subversion. When the enemy is weak and we are strong, we will launch a head-on attack. The United States strategically advocates a large-scale, face-to-face battle with the enemy as soon as possible. Since the "Acadia" meeting in December 1941, Britain and the United States have engaged in a series of time-consuming and laborious exchanges of views over the European and Pacific strategies. Britain, which had two years of combat experience before 1943, is more mature and superior in military strategy than the United States. Because of the lack of general policy guidance, the US military does not have a detailed plan for the implementation of the grand strategy. Therefore, in the period after the United States entered the war, Britain's strategic concept became the main strategic choice for allies to fight. One of its manifestations was the implementation of Churchill's "sportsman" plan, which was later developed into the famous "Torch" operation. The pre-war and wartime strategic cooperation between the United States and the United States showed distinct characteristics of both cooperation and struggle. Operation Torch was successfully completed in this context. It was an important part of the whole anti-fascist war and gave the allies control over North Africa. Marked the beginning of the transfer of strategic advantages from the second World War to the hands of the United States. It also inspired the world's anti-fascist people. It was the first exercise of Operation Overlord. It provides practical experience for the allies to carry out large-scale landing operations in the future.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K152

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