国家建构视角下巴列维现代化改革探析（1963-1979）

发布时间：2018-03-24 17:44

本文选题：伊朗　切入点：巴列维王朝　出处：《河北师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 第二次世界大战结束后,现代化大潮冲击着众多发展中国家。发展中国家既面临着国家现代化的挑战,也为实现富国强民的愿望带来了机遇。在这两种趋势的合力作用下,这些国家纷纷走上了现代化改革和建构现代民族国家的征程。面对现代化大潮的冲击和建构现代民族国家的压力,各国做出的回应也有所不同。巴列维王朝统治时期的伊朗,怀着实现现代化和成功建构现代民族国家的强烈愿望在经济、政治、意识形态领域实施了一系列改革,但最终改革功败垂成。究其原因,是国王政权未能处理好发展与稳定、传统与现代、继承与批判等之间的关系。面对现代化大潮的冲击,国王政权进行改革,其初衷是发展经济、增强国力、巩固政权,这是毋庸置疑的。自20世纪六十年代伊朗政府实施了白色革命后,一系列社会经济改革措施相继推出,伊朗社会经历了前所未有的激烈震荡和深刻变化。在这一进程中,改革与保守、发展与稳定、传统与现代、继承与批判的矛盾冲突始终交织其间。能否成功地实现国家建构任务,就在于能否有效地协调处理好这些关系。国王在国家建构过程中,始终存在着重经济、轻政治的倾向。现代化进程包罗万象,不能将其归结为某一领域、某一方面的革新,这一进程包括社会生活的方方面面。由于对现代化的片面理解,直接导致了其在现代化改革中一系列举措失当,终致改革失败。国王政权在现代化改革中缺乏系统完备的理论,使其在改革过程中始终处于混乱状态。在国家建构过程中,他进行世俗化改革的目的,是为了削弱乌里玛的势力,加强对意识形态领域的掌控,弱化伊斯兰教什叶派传统在民众中的影响,但事与愿违,结果是加剧了教俗冲突;有鉴于此,国王在政治上的控制更加严密,以致形成独裁局面,从而对经济体制改革和经济现代化产生了消极影响。此外未能处理好继承传统文化与吸收外来文明之间的关系,上述种种原因全面削弱了国王政权的政治合法性根基和来源。由于深陷这种“建构性困境”使其未能完成现代民族国家建构任务,因此也就无法处理好发展与稳定的关系,不能实现传统与现代的融合了。 70年代后期当伊朗经济形势突然恶化,导致各种矛盾日益尖锐,伊斯兰革命的爆发也就无法避免了。国家建构使命未能完成,伊朗现代化改革不成功,最终导致国王政权的倒台。这种现象的确发人深思,国王实施现代化改革的目的是以一场自上而下的改革完成现代国家建构任务,以此来阻止一场自下而上革命的爆发,但最终事与愿违,历史证明这只是他的一厢情愿。由于对现代化的片面理解,致使政治、经济、意识形态无法同步协调发展,也就无法实现国家建构目标。这既是伊朗的“殊相”,也是许多面临国家建构任务的发展中国家的“共相”。
[Abstract]:After the end of the second World War, the tide of modernization hit many developing countries. The developing countries faced the challenge of national modernization and also brought opportunities to realize the aspirations of rich countries and strong citizens. Under the combined effect of these two trends, These countries have embarked on the course of modernization reform and the construction of modern nation-state. In the face of the impact of the tide of modernization and the pressure of constructing modern nation-state, the responses made by different countries are different. During the Baleway dynasty, Iran carried out a series of reforms in the economic, political and ideological fields with the strong desire to realize modernization and successfully construct a modern nation-state, but in the end the reform failed. It is the king's regime that has failed to handle the relationship between development and stability, tradition and modernity, inheritance and criticism, etc. In the face of the impact of the tide of modernization, the king's regime reformed with the original intention of developing the economy, strengthening national strength, and consolidating political power. This is beyond doubt. Since the white revolution was carried out by the Iranian government in the 1960s, a series of social and economic reform measures have been introduced one after another, and Iranian society has experienced unprecedented intense shocks and profound changes. In this process, reform and conservatism, The contradiction between development and stability, tradition and modernity, inheritance and criticism is always intertwined. Whether or not the task of state construction can be successfully realized depends on whether these relations can be effectively coordinated and handled. There has always been a tendency to attach importance to the economy rather than politics. The modernization process is all-encompassing and cannot be attributed to innovation in a certain field or an area, which includes all aspects of social life. As a result of the one-sided understanding of modernization, It leads directly to a series of improper measures in the modernization reform and ultimately to the failure of the reform. The king's regime lacks a systematic and complete theory in the modernization reform, which makes it always in a state of confusion in the course of the reform. The purpose of his secularization reform was to weaken Ulema's power, strengthen his control over the ideological field, and weaken the influence of the Shia tradition of Islam among the people. In view of this, the king's tighter political control led to a dictatorship which had a negative impact on the reform of the economic system and the modernization of the economy, and failed to deal well with the relationship between the inheritance of traditional cultures and the absorption of foreign civilizations, All these reasons have completely weakened the foundation and source of political legitimacy of the King's regime. Because of this "constructive dilemma", which has prevented it from completing the task of constructing a modern nation-state, it is therefore unable to properly handle the relationship between development and stability. The fusion of tradition and modernity cannot be achieved. When Iran's economic situation suddenly deteriorated in the late 1970s, leading to increasingly sharp contradictions, the outbreak of the Islamic revolution was inevitable. The mission of national construction was not completed, and Iran's modernization reform was unsuccessful. This phenomenon is indeed thought-provoking. The king's purpose in carrying out modernization reform is to complete the task of building a modern state with a top-down reform, so as to prevent the outbreak of a bottom-up revolution. But in the end, it backfired. History proved that this was only his wishful thinking. Because of his one-sided understanding of modernization, politics, economy and ideology could not develop simultaneously and harmoniously. This is not only the "difference" of Iran, but also the "common" of many developing countries facing the task of nation-building.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K373.5

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