冰岛的初曙时代：早期社会文化探究

发布时间：2018-04-01 03:30

本文选题：冰岛　切入点：移民　出处：《华东师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 公元874年至公元1264年，即从挪威人在冰岛建立第一块移民地直到挪威国王直接统治冰岛时止，是冰岛社会历史的早期阶段。作为北欧文化在北大西洋上的延伸部分及重要哨岗，冰岛的社会文化在这个时代中呈现出许多重大而深远的变化。国外学者、尤其是北欧史学者，已经从文学作品、法律文书、考古发现等多种途径对冰岛早期社会文化进行了一定的探讨，获得了许多可贵的成果。然而，由于研究对象的距今时间过于久远，研究成果仍多仰赖于《萨迦》等有限史料，又缺乏大量考古发掘材料的充分佐证，冰岛史研究的深度和广度仍有再探讨的余地。国内学者涉足这一选题者更是寥寥。本文试图在国内外原有研究的基础上再作努力，以能一定程度地弥补以上不足，对初曙时代的冰岛社会状况和文化发展进行多侧面的描述，考察、分析其形成原因和影响，并从冰岛文明传播的兴衰沉浮中，初步探索一下文明交往的经验和理论。本文第一章为冰岛早期移民概况。着重从早期移民来源、移民原因和早期移民生活三方面进行论述，指出冰岛移民主要来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛的挪威，同时混有少量丹麦、瑞典和爱尔兰凯尔特人。或为摆脱金发王哈拉尔德的暴政，或为追求自然条件更优越的新定居地，或由于尚武嗜财的性格和丰富娴熟的航海技能，一批批移民踏上了开发冰岛的征途。在这座小岛上，他们很快建立起幸福家园，在衣、食、住、行诸方面适应了当地生活，移民数达到5万以上。第二章为冰岛早期社会文化。着重从法律体制、社会分层、宗教信仰、文化思想等四方面对这一时期的社会特征和文化成果展开了深入论述和分析。在政治上，阿尔庭像丰碑一般建立起来，被誉为全世界第一个议会；在法律制度上，“灰鹅法”颁布，以文本形式确定了冰岛的法律体系；在社会分层上，戈狄和自由民之间建立了互惠互利的关系，一定程度地推进了全岛民主化；在宗教上，全岛实现了和平皈依基督教，以宽容和智慧消弭流血冲突；在化解纠纷上，法律诉讼与和平仲裁得到广泛推广，使法律精神牢牢扎根在全岛移民心中。这些具有独特性和开创性的社会文化，不仅有利于当时冰岛的独立发展，也为冰岛在早期世界历史中留下重要一笔。第三章为冰岛古代文明的延伸与终结。着重从冰岛移民在格陵兰岛的开发和对北美大陆的探访两方面进行论述。自从成功拓殖冰岛后，冰岛移民继续向昔所未闻的北大西洋深处开拓，他们发现格陵兰，并在那里建立了东移民区和西移民区，一度人丁兴旺，发展稳定，直至14世纪中叶悄然神秘消失，留给后人无尽的遐想；他们曾几度涉足北美大陆，在与土著居民的武力冲突中节节败退，冰岛文明的向西延伸遽然而止。冰岛文明的延伸与终结过程，也让我们明白，在文明交往中必须学会适应环境、合理调整、和平共处，，固步自封或居高临下的态度只能使这种交往陷于失败。从对冰岛社会文化方方面面的分析和探讨中可以得出这样一个结论：冰岛早期社会在继承北欧传统中进一步发展了北欧文化，为北欧文化的保存和传播起到积极作用。
[Abstract]:874 BC to 1264, from the Norwegian immigrants until the establishment of the first block of the king of Norway directly ruled Iceland in Iceland, is the early stage of the social history of Iceland. As an extension of the Nordic culture in the North Atlantic and the important part of the watch, Iceland's social culture presents many important and profound changes in this era. Foreign scholars, especially the Nordic history scholars, from literary works, legal documents, archaeological discoveries in a variety of ways to Iceland early social culture were discussed and obtained many valuable results. However, since the study was too long ago, research results still depend on the < > Sakya Limited a large number of historical data, and the lack of sufficient evidence of archaeological materials, the study of the history of Iceland still has the depth and breadth of study room. Domestic scholars involved in this topic is very little more in this paper. To try again in the basis of the original research at home and abroad, to make up the above shortcomings, many aspects of the early Iceland social situation and cultural development of the description, investigation, analysis of its causes and effects, and from the rise and fall of Iceland civilization spread heavy floating in the preliminary exploration, experience of civilization communication and theory.
The first chapter is the overview. Iceland early immigrants mainly from early immigration sources, immigration reasons and early life of immigrants is discussed from three aspects, and points out that Iceland immigrants mainly from the Scandinavia peninsula of Norway, and mixed with a small amount of Denmark, Sweden and Ireland. Celtic king Harald blonde or to get rid of tyranny, or the pursuit of superior natural conditions the new settlement, or due to a wealth of martial character and rich skillful seamanship, a group of settlers on the development of Iceland's path. On the island, they quickly set up a happy home, in the clothing, food, housing, etc. for adapt to the local life, the number of immigrants reached 50 thousand above.
The second chapter is the Iceland early social culture. Mainly from the legal system, social stratification, religion, culture and other four aspects of social characteristics and cultural achievements of this period carried out in-depth discussion and analysis. In politics, like al tribunal set up general monument, known as the world's first parliament in the legal system; on the "gray law" promulgated, in the form of text to determine the legal system in Iceland; in the social stratification, the mutually beneficial relationship is established between GE Di and freemen, to a certain extent to promote the democratization of the island; in religion, the island achieved peace to convert to Christianity, tolerance and wisdom to eliminate the bloodshed; in resolving disputes, litigation and arbitration has been widely used to make peace, firmly rooted in the hearts of the spirit of the law. These immigrants have a unique and groundbreaking social culture, not only conducive to the time Independent development of Iceland, to Iceland in the early history of the world leave an important pen.
The third chapter is the extension and the end of Iceland's ancient civilization. Focus on the development of immigrants from Iceland in Greenland and North America to visit two aspects. Since the successful colonization of Iceland, Iceland immigrants continue to develop to the past unheard of North Atlantic deep, they found that Greenland, and the establishment of the East and west region where a person immigration area, Ding Xingwang, development and stability, until the mid fourteenth Century quietly disappeared, left us endless reverie; they had a few degrees in the North American continent, in armed conflict with the natives of the retreat, Iceland civilization suddenly ended. Westward extension and termination of Iceland civilization, also let us understand that in the cultural communication process must learn to adapt to the environment, reasonable adjustment, peaceful coexistence, complacent or condescending attitude can make into the failure of this communication.
From the analysis and discussion of Iceland social and cultural aspects of such a conclusion can be drawn: the Iceland society in the early succession in the further development of the traditional Nordic Nordic culture, to a positive role for the preservation and dissemination of Nordic culture.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K535.2

【引证文献】