从临时首领到最高酋长:社会—政治组织的演化

发布时间：2018-04-14 11:11

本文选题：游团 + 酋长　；参考：《历史研究》2012年05期

【摘要】：酋长是拥有特殊社会—政治地位的个人。酋邦是一种政治制度,拥有双层级的管理结构。早期国家则是三层级的、跨区域的社会—政治组织,拥有权力集中的政府,以规范复杂的社会关系。从游团、村落、酋邦到早期国家,社会—政治组织呈现出日益复杂的结构变化。在最早的人类社会中,为了处理各种事务,临时首领应运而生。随着人口增加,社会事务日趋繁杂,管理形式不可避免地发生了变化,从而出现了酋长、酋邦和早期国家。在这一过程中,剩余产品的生产发挥了重要作用。当社会规模逐渐扩大,对食物、土地、贵重物品的需求开始影响人们的行为之后,战争和其他强制力量才真正发挥作用。早期国家的产生需要四个必要条件,即一定数量的人口和领土,足以保证剩余产品生产以供养脱离直接生产人员的经济方式,合法化的等级管理组织,解释社会—政治不平等现象的意识形态。
[Abstract]:A sheikh is an individual with a special social-political status.The chiefdom is a political system with a two-tier management structure.Early countries were three-tier, cross-regional social-political organizations with centralized government to regulate complex social relations.From tour groups, villages, chiefdoms to early countries, socio-political organizations show increasingly complex structural changes.In the earliest human society, in order to deal with all kinds of affairs, temporary leaders came into being.As the population grew, social affairs became more complicated, and the forms of management inevitably changed, resulting in sheikhs, chiefdoms, and early states.In this process, the production of surplus products played an important role.War and other coercive forces do not come into play until the scale of society expands and the demand for food, land, and valuables begins to influence people's behaviour.The emergence of early countries required four necessary conditions, namely, a certain number of people and territories, sufficient to ensure that surplus products were produced in order to provide for an economic way out of direct production personnel, legalized hierarchical management organizations,An ideology that explains socio-political inequality.
【作者单位】：荷兰莱顿大学;中国社会科学院世界历史研究所;
【分类号】：D091;K107

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