波斯帝国的“专制”与“集权”

发布时间：2018-04-16 05:07

本文选题：波斯帝国 + 王权　；参考：《古代文明》2014年03期

【摘要】：本文从古典著作和波斯帝国的文献出发,讨论它的统治方式及其特征,指出波斯大王掌控着对所有重要官职的任命以及财政资源,以书信指导着行省总督的管理,据此控制着贵族的命运,确有专制自为的意味。但作为波斯国王,国王权力的行使,较多地取决于国王个人的能力和意愿,他缺乏从中央到地方一以贯之的官僚系统支持,总督在军事、内政和对外政策上大体自主,较少受到国王的具体干涉。而在地方共同体中,虽然法律上国王和总督拥有无限权力,其命运有时会被国王与总督左右,但在日常管理中,它们大体自治,由此造成了波斯帝国统治中国王的专制与地方自治合作的特征,两者的结合,是帝国得以长期维持的基本原因。这种现象的产生,很大程度上与古代国家的统治能力以及波斯作为一个征服性帝国有关,因此,波斯帝国的中央集权基本停留在意识形态层面,而实际的政治运作,需要更有效率的地方自治。
[Abstract]:Based on the classical works and the documents of the Persian Empire, this paper discusses its way of governing and its characteristics, and points out that the Persian King controls the appointment of all important official posts and financial resources, and guides the management of provincial governors with letters.Thus controlling the fate of the aristocrats, there is a sense of autocracy.But as King of Persia, the exercise of his power depended in large part on his personal abilities and wishes. He lacked the support of a consistent bureaucracy from the central to the local level, and the Governor was largely autonomous in military, internal and foreign policy.Less specific interference by the king.And in the local community, although legally the king and governor have unlimited powers, and their fate is sometimes influenced by the king and governor, they are generally autonomous in their daily administration.This led to the autocratic rule of the Chinese king and the cooperation of local autonomy. The combination of the two was the basic reason why the empire could be maintained for a long time.The emergence of this phenomenon, to a large extent, was related to the power of the ancient state and the Persian empire as a subjugated empire. Therefore, the centralization of the Persian Empire remained basically at the ideological level, while the actual political operation.More efficient local autonomy is needed.
【作者单位】：首都师范大学历史学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金重点项目“古希腊史研究”(项目批号:13ASS002) 北京市教委重点项目“古代希腊与东方文明的交流及互动研究”(项目批号:SZ201310028015)中期成果
【分类号】：K124.4

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