战国时期天皇制存续下来的原因

发布时间：2018-04-16 06:30

本文选题：天皇 + 权利　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：即使从全世界来看，日本的天皇家族也是世界上持续时间最长的王族血统之一，因此很早也就受到全世界的关注。同时，也产生了一个重要课题---“天皇家族为什么能够持续到现在”。经过考虑，我也将自己的硕士论文定为“战国时期天皇制持续下来的原因”。毋庸置疑，在战国时期，天皇家族无论在政治上，还是经济上都非常衰弱。但是，天皇家度过这个难关存续下来却是不争的事实。其原因何在，为了解决这个问题，我的论文主要从政治、思想和经济三个方面进行分析。在战国时期之前，天皇就已经丧失了政治权力。不仅仅丧失了官制任命权等政治权力，甚至连皇位继承人的决定权也被将军夺去了。但是，1438年日本爆发了永享之乱，当时的将军足利义教恳请后花园天皇颁布治罚圣旨，这样60多年前被废除的治罚圣旨再次复活，这就象征着天皇掌握着部分军事权力。从此以后，天皇频频颁布治罚圣旨，积极参与大名之间的争斗，即通过发挥高层次的战争调停权来影响大名之间的军事斗争结果。与此同时，将军经常逃出京都，，由天皇直接任命官员的“直奏”得到认可。也就是不再采取“武家执奏”的方式，而是由天皇直接将官位授予地方大名，这必然有助于提高天皇权威。此外，天皇自始至终都紧紧抓住年号制定权和改元权不放，这也表明天皇是日本全国的最高统治者。与其说天皇是政治权利的所有者，也许说他是日本最高权威的象征反而更加恰当。日本人巧妙地将神国思想与易姓革命联系在一起，剔除了其中不利于天皇统治的部分。战国时期，实力主义、“下克上”获得最大程度的认可，但天皇不是行使政治统治权利的主体，自然也不是人们攻击、革命的对象。更准确地说，天皇是日本全国的最高祭祀首领，能够保证全国农业的丰收。而且，当时的神道和佛教从思想上支持天皇制，这也是天皇制得以顽强生存下来的重要原因之一。伊势神道、吉田神道等神道派别无一例外地与天皇家的祖先神---天照大神结合在一起，强调天皇家族的延续。战国时代的佛教一方面反对当时的统治者，特别是横征暴敛的大名，另一方面又非常乐意接受国师、禅师、敕愿寺等天皇的册封。这在客观上，也起到了保护皇室的作用。此时，天皇家在经济上也遇到了前所未有的困难。但是，天皇通过对地方大名授予官位、对寺院高僧授予上人、禅师等称号，来获得他们的经济援助。作为回报，这些大名和寺院向天皇进贡金钱，使得极度贫困的天皇家能够渡过难关。究其根源，天皇家的经济贫困无非是劫持天皇的将军一方的衰弱表现。总之，战国时期，面临重重危机的天皇制得以存续下来的原因涉及政治、经济、思想、文化和宗教等方面，并非短期能够解决的课题。我的论文中肯定会有许多错位与不足之处，所以今后我将继续努力探讨这一问题。
[Abstract]:Even in the world, Japan's emperor family is one of the world's longest royal lineages, and has long received worldwide attention.At the same time, there is also an important question-why the emperor's family can continue to the present.After consideration, I also identified my master's thesis as "the reason for the continuation of the imperial system during the warring States period."Undoubtedly, during the warring States period, the emperor's family was very weak both politically and economically.But it is an indisputable fact that the royal family survived this difficulty.In order to solve this problem, my thesis mainly analyzes from three aspects: politics, thought and economy.Before the warring States period, the emperor had lost political power.Not only did political power, such as official appointments, be lost, even the power to decide the throne was taken away by the general.But in 1438 there was a perpetual chaos in Japan, when the general Ulrich pleaded with the Queen of the Garden to issue a decree of punishment, so that the decree of punishment, which had been abolished more than 60 years ago, was revived again, symbolizing that the emperor had some military power.Since then, the emperor has frequently promulgated the decree of punishment, and actively participated in the struggle between the name, that is, by exerting the high level of war to stop the power to influence the results of the military struggle between the great names.At the same time, the generals often escaped from Kyoto, and the direct appointment of officials by the emperor was recognized.In other words, instead of using the "martial art" method, the emperor directly awarded the official to the local name, which will certainly help to enhance the authority of the emperor.In addition, the emperor held fast to the making of the year and the right to change the Yuan from beginning to end, which also showed that the emperor was the supreme ruler of the whole country.Rather than being the owner of political power, it may be more appropriate to say that the emperor is a symbol of Japan's supreme authority.The Japanese ingeniously linked the idea of the kingdom of God to the revolution of Yi's surname, removing parts that were not conducive to the reign of the emperor.During the warring States period, the doctrine of strength, "Xiake Shang" was recognized to the greatest extent, but the emperor was not the subject of political power, nor was it the object of people's attack and revolution.To be more precise, the emperor is the highest sacrificial leader in Japan and can guarantee a bumper harvest.Moreover, the Shinto and Buddhism at that time ideologically supported the imperial system, which was one of the important reasons why the imperial system survived tenaciously.Ishi Shinto, Yoshida Shinto and other Shinto schools without exception, and the emperor's ancestors-God-Tianzhao together, emphasizing the continuation of the emperor's family.During the warring States period, Buddhism opposed the rulers at that time, especially the overbearing name, on the other hand, it was very willing to accept the canonization of the emperor, such as the master of the state, the master of Zen, the temple of Chi wish and so on.This objectively, also played a role in protecting the royal family.At this time, the royal family also encountered unprecedented economic difficulties.However, the emperor obtained financial aid by granting local names to officials and monasteries to eminent monks.In return, the monasteries paid tribute to the emperor, enabling the destitute royal family to weather the storm.At its root, the economic poverty of the emperor is nothing more than a sign of weakness on the part of the general who hijacked the emperor.In short, during the warring States period, the existence of the imperial system in the face of numerous crises related to political, economic, ideological, cultural and religious aspects, and it was not a short-term problem that could be solved.There are bound to be many mismatches and deficiencies in my thesis, so I will continue to explore this issue in the future.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K313

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