艾奇逊与美国冷战初期的外交政策（1945-1953）

发布时间：2018-04-16 11:13

本文选题：艾奇逊 + 美国　；参考：《华中师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：从1945年到1953年这段时间,世界局势发生了剧烈的变化。二战的结束实现了世界人民对于和平的渴望。但随着战争的结束,美苏战时结成的合作关系也随之破裂,两极对峙的冷战格局逐渐形成。作为两极之一的美国无疑在这场较量中占据绝对主导的地位。而从副国务卿到国务卿,艾奇逊则一直身处美国外交决策的中心。从战争年代到战后初期,艾奇逊参与并主持制定了几乎所有对构建美国秩序起关键作用的决策,对美国冷战战略的确立做出了突出的贡献。艾奇逊将遏制与对抗苏联作为他主要的工作目标。为此,他积极支持杜鲁门主义,与苏联在中东展开争夺。他协助拟定了马歇尔计划,促使了北大西洋公约组织的形成。他推动欧洲逐步走向一体化,将欧洲变为美国最重要的盟友。他支持德国重新武装,并促其加入欧洲联合,以此来壮大欧洲的力量,对苏联形成威慑力量。他发布《美中关系白皮书》,为美国的侵华政策推脱责任。朝鲜战争爆发后,他督促杜鲁门派兵入朝。中国参加朝鲜战争以后,艾奇逊制定了不承认中国和援助台湾蒋介石国民党政权的政策。他还支持美国援助印度支那的法国殖民政权。凡此种种,都对当时美苏冷战产生了很大的影响。本文正文主要分为三大部分。第一部分主要介绍艾奇逊与战后美国的对苏战略。其中包括艾奇逊对伊朗危机、希土危机和柏林危机的看法,‘对美国核战略的思考,重点分析他的“烂苹果理论”和杜鲁门主义的出台。第二部分分析艾奇逊与美国战后的欧洲政策。这其中包括艾奇逊协助拟定马歇尔计划、推动北大西洋公约组织的建立、以及欧洲的一体化和德国重建问题。第三部分则介绍艾奇逊与美国战后的东亚战略。系统地分析艾奇逊对新中国和台湾态度的转变、对朝鲜战争的看法以及对日本重建所做出的努力。
[Abstract]:From 1945 to 1953, the world situation changed dramatically.The end of World War II realized the desire of the people of the world for peace.However, with the end of the war, the cooperative relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in wartime also broke down, and the cold war pattern of bipolar confrontation gradually formed.The US, one of the two poles, undoubtedly dominates this contest.From undersecretary to secretary of state, Acheson has been at the centre of American diplomatic decision-making.From the war years to the early postwar period, Acheson participated in and presided over almost all the decisions that played a key role in the construction of the American order, and made outstanding contributions to the establishment of the Cold War strategy of the United States.Acheson made containment and confrontation with the Soviet Union his main goal.To this end, he actively supported Truman Doctrine and fought with the Soviet Union in the Middle East.He helped to draw up the Marshall Plan, which led to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).He pushed for European integration, turning Europe into America's most important ally.He supported the rearming of Germany and urged it to join the European Union as a way to strengthen Europe and act as a deterrent to the Soviet Union.He issued the White Paper on US-China Relations, evading responsibility for the US policy of invading China.After the Korean War broke out, he urged Truman to send troops into the DPRK.After China joined the Korean War, Acheson formulated a policy of not recognizing China and aiding the Kuomintang regime of Jiang Jieshi in Taiwan.He also supported the American aid to the French colonial regime at Indochina.All this had a great impact on the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union at that time.The text of this paper is divided into three parts.The first part mainly introduces Acheson and American strategy to Soviet Union after the war.These include Acheson's views on the Iran crisis, the Greek crisis and the Berlin crisis, with a focus on his "rotten apple theory" and the introduction of Truman Doctrine.The second part analyzes Acheson and American postwar European policy.These include Acheson's contribution to the Marshall Plan, the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the integration of Europe and the reconstruction of Germany.The third part introduces Acheson and American strategy of East Asia after the war.This paper systematically analyzes Acheson's attitude to the new China and Taiwan, his views on the Korean War and his efforts to rebuild Japan.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.54

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