试论19世纪英俄在帕米尔的争夺及其对中亚政治格局的影响

发布时间：2018-04-16 13:15

本文选题：英国 + 俄国　；参考：《新疆师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：帕米尔地处我国新疆维吾尔自治区西南部,毗邻中亚、阿富汗等地区和国家。该地自古以来就是中国领土的一部分,但当历史推进到19世纪,在资本主义殖民拓展的历史潮流之下,这一地区的历史也发生了巨大的变化。 19世纪初,俄国在确立了其在欧洲各国中的霸权地位后,向南部拓展自己的势力;而工业革命之后的英国为了维护自身在印度的战略利益,也把目光对准了中亚。由此开启了英俄在中亚争夺的历史,具体可分为三个阶段。第一阶段双方主要在波斯展开争夺,并派使者到中亚活动;第二阶段英俄主要采取支持第三国的方式(英国支持阿富汗政权,俄国支持波斯政权)抑制对方势力的扩张,此外,两国还在中亚腹地加紧活动,俄国征服了中亚三汗国,英国则控制了阿富汗;第三阶段,英俄两国在土库曼地区展开争夺,俄国抢得了先机,将土库曼斯坦纳入自己的版图,之后英俄双方与清政府在帕米尔地区展开争夺。英俄对帕米尔的争夺有其各自不同的目的。沙俄在征服中亚之后,开始向帕米尔渗透,拟以帕米尔为跳板,将势力渗透到中国的新疆、西藏和英属印度。但沙俄的南下野心遭到了英国的阻挡,英国的真实意图是想利用帕米尔作为保护印度的屏障,以取得在同俄国争夺亚洲霸权上的优势。双方在经过与清政府进行的一系列外交、军事手段无法满足其侵略要求的情况下,最终撇开清政府,共同瓜分了帕米尔地区。由此导致了中亚地区新格局的形成,促成这一格局的典型事件:一是英俄在阿富汗的划界;二是英俄在帕米尔的划界。由此形成了19世纪末期中亚地区新的政治版图,对后世产生深远影响。 19世纪,西方列强为了进一步满足本国资本主义发展的需要,拓展原料产地和商品销售市场,在全世界范围内掀起了瓜分亚、非、拉等地区的狂潮。英俄两国对中亚和帕米尔地区的争夺就是英俄双方争夺亚洲霸权的一个重要组成部分。
[Abstract]:Pamir is located in the southwest of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, adjacent to Central Asia, Afghanistan and other regions and countries.It has been a part of Chinese territory since ancient times, but the history of this region has changed greatly under the historical trend of capitalist colonial expansion when history advanced to the 19th century.At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia expanded its power to the south after establishing its hegemonic position in the European countries, and Britain after the Industrial Revolution also focused on Central Asia in order to safeguard its strategic interests in India.This opened the history of British and Russian competition in Central Asia, specifically can be divided into three stages.In the first stage, the two sides mainly fought in Persia and sent messengers to Central Asia. In the second stage, Britain and Russia mainly adopted the way of supporting the third country (Britain supported the Afghan regime and Russia supported the Persian regime) to restrain the expansion of the other party's power.The two countries also intensified their activities in the heart of Central Asia. Russia conquered the three khanates of Central Asia, while Britain took control of Afghanistan. In the third stage, Britain and Russia fought over Turkmenistan in the Turkmen region. Russia seized the opportunity to bring Turkmenistan into its territory.Then Britain and Russia fought with the Qing government in the Pamirs.Britain and Russia have different aims for Pamirs.After conquering Central Asia, Czarist Russia began to infiltrate Pamirs, taking Pamir as springboard to infiltrate forces into China's Xinjiang, Tibet and British India.But Russia's ambition to go south was blocked by Britain, whose real intention was to use Pamir as a shield to protect India in order to gain the advantage of competing with Russia for Asian hegemony.After a series of diplomacy with the Qing government, the two sides failed to meet the demands of their aggression by military means, and finally set aside the Qing government and jointly divided the Pamir region.This led to the formation of a new pattern in Central Asia, leading to the typical events of this pattern: first, the demarcation of Britain and Russia in Afghanistan; second, the demarcation of Britain and Russia in Pamirs.As a result, a new political map was formed in Central Asia in the late 19 th century, which had a profound influence on later generations.In the 19th century, in order to further meet the needs of the development of capitalism, the Western powers expanded the raw material production area and commodity sales market, and set off a frenzy of dividing up Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions all over the world.The British and Russian rivalry over Central Asia and Pamirs is an important part of the British-Russian struggle for Asian hegemony.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K14

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