东北亚国际关系中的美国政策研究（1784-1931）

发布时间：2018-04-19 14:10

本文选题：美国 + 外交政策　；参考：《东北师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 美国对东北亚国际关系的发展与变化有重要的影响和作用,因此研究美国的东北亚政策具有重大的现实意义和历史意义。美国东北亚政策表现出很强的“阶段性”,同时也有很强的“继承性”,对于我们研究美国当今的“东北亚区域国际关系的政策”具有重要的参考价值。本文旨在揭示美国在东北亚国际关系中的政策内涵及其规律,以便我们在处理东北亚区域国际关系中准确了解和理解美国的政策,更有效地利用美国这个区域外因素;为了鉴往知来,做一些有裨益的前期研究工作。论文写作路径:以东北亚区域国际关系格局的变迁为线索,通过对美国在不同“时代”的“东北亚政策”的梳理、归纳、总结,描绘出一条显性的“政策链条”,显现出美国在东北亚的“区域性”政策的内容、特征及规律,揭示美国在东北亚区域国际关系中的特殊地位、作用及其原因。全文由三部分,共六章组成。第一部分为绪论。阐述论文写作的意义、写作宗旨、主要观点、方法与路径、重点与难点、研究动态、概念界定以及论文结构概述。第二部分为主体部分。阐述美国不同阶段的东北亚政策,由二、三、四、五、六章组成。第一个阶段:在传统东方秩序——“华夷秩序”衰落时期的政策(1784-1894)。即从“中国皇后号”首航中国广州至中日甲午战争前后。此时政策内容不明确,也不详尽,处于摸索阶段,表现为:用有限的国家力量帮助私人商业势力获取贸易机会。不过这个时期在东北亚的利益毕竟没有构成美国国家利益的重心,不能成为其外交政策的主要目标,所以很少得到国家力量的倾力支持。在政策制订的依据、机制方面也非常粗糙、不规范,有时显得有些混乱;从国家层面的政策目标认定、手段选择等方面都比较保守、谨慎。第二阶段:在“华夷秩序”崩溃时期的政策(1894-1903)。即从中日甲午战争至日俄战争爆发前。随着实力增强及在东北亚的利益增加,美国的政策也逐渐明晰,试图在区域国际政治中发挥重要影响,最后形成“门户开放”政策。虽然还是优先考量经济利益,但已经开始重视政治问题,注意营造符合美国利益的东北亚政治格局。但是,在内战和重建之后,急剧膨胀的空间再次吸收了美国国力增长的冲击波,在东北亚的国际事件中,美国都表现出积极参与、试图主导,但又力不从心的势态。第三阶段:在东北亚格局大调整时期的政策(1904-1914)。即从日俄战争后至第一次世界大战前。此间美国政策由挺日、拒俄、建立均势,到制日、抗日,再到向日本妥协。对日关系成为了美国东北亚政策的核心问题。自中日甲午战后,日本发展成为一支强大的国际力量,开始参与到东北亚的国际博弈的大棋局中来。在20世纪初的东北亚国际争端中,以日本为主动力的中、日、俄关系成为了主旋律。在日、俄争夺中,美国的政策表现为:小心地建构“均势”,竭力阻止该区域中“超强国家”脱颖而出。第四阶段:在一战前后混乱格局时期的政策(1912-1922)。清朝灭亡、沙俄覆灭、传统帝国主义列强失去了在东北亚的争霸地位,日本在东北亚国际政治博弈中取得优势地位,导致了东北亚格局陷于空前混乱之中。此间威尔逊政府试图要在新格局中大有作为,但是由于没有战略上的根本调整,政策无所依托。结果,其政策在实践中大多又是转攻为守,以妥协告终。美国政策表现为:患得患失,既不愿意放弃受到威胁的既得利益,可又没有有效的应对手段;既不愿意向挑战者让步,可是又不能够认清现实,联合现有的和潜在的同盟,以便与均势格局的破坏者对抗;既不能调整利益重心,改变“欧洲优先”的战略,又不愿从具有重要前景的东北亚区域收缩和退出。这样美国的政策就陷入了一种“两难”局面。而日本作为美国的竞争对手,则是全神贯注地致力于争夺东北亚的区域霸权,在政治、经济、军事、文化等各个方面倾注全国之力谋求该区域的国际格局的新突破。这些决定了东北亚国际关系的天平必然地向日本方面倾斜下去。直到1922年,美国才联合其他国家,试图阻止东北亚的天平倾斜。第五阶段:在“凡尔赛-华盛顿体系”时期的政策(1919-1931)。此间美国的东北亚政策貌似雄心勃勃,实际上却陷入了政策目标不明确、战略利益判断游移不定的战略误区。特别是此时出现了“反共”“意识形态”问题。在这个问题上的消耗,让美国的稳定东北亚局面的努力化为泡影。美国的政策只有再经历30年代整整10年的嬗变,才实现其决定性的转折。一个时代结束了。第三部分为结语。综合分析美国20世纪30年代以前的东北亚政策的全貌和形成机制及原因,总结出美国东北亚政策的发展规律和实质。
[Abstract]:The American policy of Northeast Asia is of great practical significance and historic significance . The policy of Northeast Asia in the United States is of great practical significance and historic significance .

Based on the change of the international relations pattern in Northeast Asia region , this paper summarizes and sums up the " Northeast Asia Policy " of the United States in different times , and depicts a dominant " policy chain " , showing the content , characteristics and laws of the " regional " policy of the United States in Northeast Asia , and reveals the special status , role and reason of the United States in the international relations in Northeast Asia .

The text consists of three parts , six chapters .

The first part is the introduction of the paper ' s writing , the purpose of writing , the main point of view , the method and the path , the emphasis and the difficulties , the research developments , the concept definition and the paper structure overview .

The second part is the main part . It describes the Northeast Asian policy at different stages of the United States . It is composed of two , three , four , five and six chapters .

The first stage : In the period of the decline of the traditional East Order _ " Huayi Order " , the policy contents are unclear , not exhaustive and at the fumble stage . However , the interests of the Northeast Asia have not formed the centre of gravity of the interests of the U.S . and cannot be the main target of its foreign policy . However , the basis and mechanism of the policy formulation are very rough and sometimes confusing ; from the national level of policy objective determination , the means choice , etc . are more conservative and cautious .

In the second phase , in the period of the collapse of the Chinese - Japanese war , the American policy is becoming more and more distinct from the Sino - Japanese war of Sino - Japanese war to the outbreak of the Japanese War .

In the third phase , the policy ( 1904 - 1914 ) of the Northeast Asian pattern was adjusted . That is to say , from the post - Japanese war to the first world war , the United States policy is the core issue of the Northeast Asian policy . In the Northeast Asian international dispute in the early 20th century , Japan has become a powerful international force . In the Northeast Asian international dispute in the beginning of the 20th century , Japan has become the main melody . On the Japanese and Russia competition , the American policy represented : Carefully construct the " homogenizer " and try to prevent the " super country " in the region from coming out .

In the fourth phase , the policy ( 1912 - 1922 ) in the period of chaos during the first and post - war period has lost its dominance in Northeast Asia , and Japan has gained an advantage in the international political game in Northeast Asia , which has led to the collapse and withdrawal of the Northeast Asia pattern .

The fifth stage : The policy ( 1919 - 1931 ) of the " All - China - Washington System " period . The Northeast Asian policy of the United States seems to be ambitious , but it is in fact stuck in a strategic error zone of uncertain policy goals and uncertain strategic interests . Especially at this time , the " ideology " of " anti - Communist " has emerged . The American policy has only undergone a decade of change in the 1930s to realize its decisive turning . An era is over .

The third part is the conclusion . A comprehensive analysis of the whole appearance and formation mechanism and reasons of the Northeast Asian policy before the 1930s , summarizes the development law and essence of the Northeast Asian policy in America .

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712

【引证文献】