美国对华政策的调整与美蒋合流（1900-1928）

发布时间：2018-04-20 11:38

本文选题：门户开放 + 美国对华政策　；参考：《山东师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文探讨了清王朝覆亡后,美国在协调与列强在华利益的同时,为寻求其在华利益的代理人,不断调整对华政策以及由此给中美关系造成的影响。并试图从美国视角考察美国调整对华关系的宏观性战略以及由此折射出的美国外交的务实传统。重点分析美国最终选中蒋介石为其谋求在华利益代理人的原因及“宁案”在美国对华政策转变中所起到的作用。 “门户开放”是美国政府的大政策。美国自19世纪中期完成了在北美大陆的扩张后,即开始谋求在太平洋地区的利益。50年代未,美国共和党的重要骨干威廉·西沃德提出了较为完整的“太平洋商业帝国”的构想,半个世纪后这一构想在对华政策方面得以体现,即美国“门户开放”政策的提出与实施。19世纪末,帝国主义掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮,这给美国提供了实施“门户开放”政策的契机。美国对华“门户开放”政策的提出,标志着美国对华政策由追随英国的政策变为奉行独立的大国政策,充分反映了美国欲在远东政治舞台上争夺领导地位,并在远东开辟霸业道路的意图。“门户开放”政策构筑了新殖民主义的框架体系。谋求在华利益是美国实现其远东霸权的关键所在,但作为瓜分中国利益的迟到者,美国要想在中国站稳脚根,不得不在中国寻求实现其在华最大利益的代理人。面对众多殖民列强在华的角逐以及中国人民的反帝反封建浪潮,如何在一个个充满危机的政权中找到一个合适的代理人,就成为美国这一时期对华政策的难题。美国各界对此都有不同的看法与理解,他们从不同的立场和角度关注着中国的动荡局势,并从各自的利益出发提醒政府审时度势,制定和调整对华政策。因此,研究这一时期美国各界对中国时局的理解与看法,对于我们探讨这一时期美国对华政策的制定和调整具有重大的意义。1927年“宁案”的发生与解决,美国所想要的一切都从蒋介石那里得到了,从此,美国政府由支持北京政权转变为支持代表资产阶级利益的蒋介石政权。蒋介石最终成为美国在华实施“门户开放”政策的代理人。本文采用史料调查分析方法,通过搜集美国政府、各阶层以及美国驻华人员在这一时期对中国形势的不同理解和看法,从经济利益、政治观念和民族意识等方面,运用历史唯物主义原理多方位、多层面比较分析、综合归纳他们这一时期的对华态度,兼顾美国与列强在华利益的矛盾(国际形势),论述美国政府不断调整对华政策,并物色到自己在华利益的代理人蒋介石。本文从美国视角探讨美国20世纪20年代对华政策调整的大背景,即对自“门户开放”政策提出以来,美国为谋取在华的长远利益,努力争取实施“门户开放”政策,不断地在中国寻求其最佳利益代理人的过程进行梳理。美国政府本着务实的态度,竭力要在中国寻找一个可以利用的“强人”,从袁世凯到吴佩孚,再到蒋介石,几经了解,多方面考察,通过引诱、拉拢和软化,并适时地使用武力威慑,最终与蒋介石达成默契,美蒋合流。尤其是通过透析“宁案”,说明为何蒋介石最终成为美国在华利益的代理人,以及该事件在美国对华政策调整过程中所起到的作用。由此得出结论,追求最大的在华利益和长远利益,并为此争取在列强对华关系中的领导地位始终是美国决策者的主要目标和根本出发点。不断调整对华政策,在中国物色其最佳代理人,正是美国为实现这一目标而作出的努力。从而证明“门户开放”是新殖民主义政策早期在中国推行的表现。
[Abstract]:After the death of the Qing Dynasty, the United States, in order to coordinate with the interests of the Chinese powers in China, to seek its agents in the Chinese interests, constantly adjust the policy to China and the impact on the relationship between China and the United States, and try to examine the macro strategy of the United States' readjusted relations with China from the American perspective and the resulting American diplomacy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons for the American final selection of Jiang Jieshi as an agent for its interests in China and the role of the "Ning case" in the change of American policy towards China.
"Open door" is the big policy of the American government. After the United States completed the expansion of the North American continent in the mid nineteenth Century, the United States began to seek the.50 years in the Pacific region. William Seewald, an important backbone of the American Republican Party, proposed a more complete "Pacific Business Empire" concept. At the end of the.19 century, imperialism raised the tide of dividing China, which provided the United States with the opportunity to implement the "open door" policy. The United States "open door" policy to China symbolized that the policy of the United States to China changed from the policy of following the UK. In order to pursue an independent big country policy, it fully reflects the intention of the United States to compete for leadership in the Far East political stage and open up the road of hegemony in the Far East. The "open door" policy has constructed the framework of the new colonialism.
Seeking the interest in China is the key to the realization of the hegemony of the Far East of the United States. But as the latecomer of China's interests, the United States wants to stand firmly in China and have to seek the agent in China to realize its greatest interests in China. Finding a suitable agent in a regime full of crisis has become a difficult problem for the US policy towards China during this period. All circles in the United States have different views and understanding. From different standpoints and angles, they pay attention to the turbulent situation in China and remind the government from their respective interests to make and adjust the policy to China. Therefore, to study the understanding and views of the United States on China's current situation in this period, it is of great significance for us to discuss the formulation and adjustment of the policy of the United States to China in this period, which is of great significance to the occurrence and settlement of the "Ning case" of.1927 in the year of.1927, and that the American government has changed from the support of the Beijing regime. In order to support the Jiang Jieshi regime representing the interests of the bourgeoisie, Jiang Jieshi finally became an agent for the us to implement the policy of "open door" in China.
In this paper, through the method of historical data investigation and analysis, through collecting the different understandings and views on the situation of China in the period of the United States government, all strata and the American people stationed in China, from the aspects of economic interests, political ideas and national consciousness, we use the principles of historical materialism in many directions and multifaceted comparative analysis to summarize their period. The attitude towards China, taking into account the contradiction between the United States and the interests of the powers in China (international situation), discusses the United States government's policy of constantly adjusting China and looking for Jiang Jieshi, the agent of its own interests in China.
From the American perspective, this paper discusses the background of the US policy adjustment to China in 1920s, that is, since the "open door" policy is put forward by the United States, the United States has tried to seek the "open door" policy for the long-term interests of China, and constantly search for its best interest agent in China. The real attitude is to try to find a "strong man" that can be used in China, from Yuan Shikai to Wu Peifu, and then to Jiang Jieshi, to understand and study many aspects, by lure, to soften and to soften, and to use the force of force in a timely manner, and finally to reach a tacit agreement with Jiang Jieshi, and the combination of the United States and Chiang Kai Shek, especially through dialysis "Ning case", explaining why Jiang Jie Shi finally became an agent of the interests of the United States in China and the role played by the incident in the adjustment process of the US policy toward China.
Therefore, it is concluded that the pursuit of the greatest interests and long-term interests in China, and to strive for leadership in the relations between the powers of the powers in China are always the main goal and fundamental point of departure for the American policymakers. "Open door" is a manifestation of the early implementation of the new colonialist policy in China.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.5

【参考文献】