论内战后美国宪法“平等法律保护条款”的蛰伏与黑人权利的丧失

发布时间：2018-04-20 13:34

本文选题：平等法律保护条款 + 黑人权利　；参考：《山东大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 在美国重建时期,为了保护刚刚获得解放的黑人的权利,联邦国会以宪法条款的形式制定了“平等法律保护条款”。“平等法律保护条款”制定的本源目的就是保护黑人的平等权利,但是,随着南方重建的结束,南方各州通过规避“平等法律保护条款”的手段,剥夺了黑人的选举权,又在南方社会确立了种族隔离,使“平等法律保护条款”在保护黑人方面,处于事实上的蛰伏状态,这一状况一直持续到20世纪50年代。本文的重点就是研究“平等法律保护条款”在保护黑人平等权利方面蛰伏的原因。全文约三万字,共分为五个部分。第一部分,“平等法律保护条款”的出台及蛰伏。在南方重建的过程中,黑人逐渐获得了公民权、选举权等权利,还获得了保障他们权利的“平等法律保护”。但是随着南方重建结束,“平等法律保护条款”在保护黑人权利方面蛰伏了,黑人的政治权利一步一步丧失,并且在南方的社会生活中确立了全面的种族隔离。第二部分,“平等法律保护条款”蛰伏的自身因素。“平等法律保护条款”在起草的过程中,为了调和共和党内两派的不同意见,条款的措词由明确向模糊转变。而且,“平等法律保护条款”不论是在联邦国会的制定过程中,还是在各州的批准过程中,都存在合宪性的争议,这严重削弱了“平等法律保护条款”的合法性和权威性,为“平等法律保护条款”长期无法发挥应有的效力埋下了伏笔。第三部分,“平等法律保护条款”蛰伏的政治因素。南方重建结束后,由于共和党失去了对联邦众议院的控制以及工业化的开始,联邦国会的重心转移到经济政策方面,对种族问题渐趋沉默。而且,北方自由主义者的妥协以及黑人运动领导人对白人思想的从众都导致了“平等法律保护条款”无法发挥保护黑人的作用。第四部分,“平等法律保护条款”蛰伏的法律因素。主要指联邦最高法院以其保守主义理念,对“平等法律保护条款”的狭隘解读,用形式平等取代实质平等,严重限制了“平等法律保护条款”作用的发挥。第五部分,“平等法律保护条款”蛰伏的影响。“平等法律保护条款”的蛰伏,黑人失去了保护他们权利的法律依据,这对黑人产生了极其恶劣的影响,恶化了黑人和白人的种族关系,白人还通过对黑人的暴力等行为,巩固了他们的白人至上主义。黑人权利丧失后,沦为分成制雇农也严重阻碍了南方经济的发展。当然,黑人的二等公民地位也是美国民主制的一大污点。
[Abstract]:During the reconstruction of the United States, in order to protect the rights of newly liberated blacks, the Federal Congress enacted the Equal legal Protection Clause in the form of constitutional provisions. The original purpose of the "Equal legal Protection Clause" was to protect the equal rights of blacks. However, with the end of the South's reconstruction, the Southern States deprived black people of their right to vote by circumventing the "Equal legal Protection Clause". In the southern society, apartheid was established, making the "equal legal protection clause" a de facto dormant state in the protection of blacks, which lasted until the 1950s. The focus of this paper is to study the reasons why the Equal legal Protection Clause is dormant in protecting the equal rights of black people. The full text about 30,000 words, a total of five parts. The first part is the introduction and dormancy of the equal legal protection clause. During the reconstruction of the South, blacks gradually gained citizenship, the right to vote, and the equal legal protection of their rights. However, with the end of the reconstruction of the South, the Equal legal Protection Clause was dormant in the protection of black rights, the political rights of the blacks were lost step by step, and the complete apartheid was established in the social life of the South. The second part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant own factor. In the process of drafting the Equal legal Protection Clause, the wording of the provision changed from explicit to vague in order to reconcile the different views of the Republican Party. Moreover, the "Equal legal Protection Clause", whether in the course of the enactment of the Federal Congress or in the process of ratification by the states, is subject to constitutional controversy, which seriously weakens the legitimacy and authority of the Equal legal Protection Clause. For the "equal legal protection clause" can not play its due effect for a long time. The third part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant political factor. After the reconstruction of the South, the Republican Party lost control of the Federal House of Representatives and the beginning of industrialization, the focus of the Federal Congress shifted to economic policy, gradually became silent on the issue of race. Moreover, the compromise of northern liberals and the conformity of black movement leaders to white ideas have led to the failure of the Equal legal Protection Clause to protect blacks. The fourth part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant legal factor. The Federal Supreme Court mainly refers to the narrow interpretation of "equal legal protection clause" by the Federal Supreme Court with its conservative idea, and replaces substantive equality with formal equality, which seriously limits the function of "equal legal protection clause". The fifth part is about the dormant influence of the equal legal protection clause. The "equal legal protection clause" was dormant, and blacks lost the legal basis to protect their rights, which had an extremely bad effect on blacks, worsening the racial relations between blacks and whites, and whites through acts of violence against blacks, etc. Consolidated their white supremacy. After the loss of black rights, reduced to share farming also seriously hindered the economic development of the South. Black second-class citizenship, of course, is also a stain on American democracy.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D971.2;DD911;K712.5

【引证文献】