圣殿骑士团受审原因探析

发布时间：2018-04-24 02:09

本文选题：十字军运动 + 阿维农之囚　；参考：《河北师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 这场发起于1307年的审判,对圣殿骑士团所造成的打击是毁灭性的,也是14世纪最重要的历史事件之一。圣殿骑士团受审的原因是复杂而多样的,法王菲利普四世在这场审判的发起中起到了关键性的作用。在异端嫌疑的外衣的掩盖之下,这场审判有着深刻的政治、经济原因,同十字军运动的衰落,皇权同教权的斗争着紧密的联系,同时也是13世纪以来西欧社会对异端的恐惧日益加重的社会背景的反映。圣殿骑士团在13世纪末的衰落的趋势,也是探讨其受审原因的过程中不可忽略的方面。十字军运动和圣殿骑士团的命运一直紧密的联系在一起,圣殿骑士团也是西欧人心目中的圣地的最大保卫者。十字军运动的衰落特别是1291年阿克的陷落,使得圣殿骑士团在基督教世界中陷入了严重的危机之中。对其改造和合并的要求使得圣殿骑士团同法王产生了直接的冲突,为法王的行动提供了理由和借口。教皇是圣殿骑士团唯一的宗主,是其最强有力的保护者,圣殿骑士团也是教皇维护教权的重要工具。13世纪末教权的衰落,使得圣殿骑士团失去了教皇的有效保护,反而,成为了法王进一步打击教皇的牺牲品。经济是圣殿骑士团受审的主要原因。圣殿骑士团在西方积累的巨额财富、特别是其200年以来发展起来的庞大的金融信贷体系,使得其容易成为封建君主打击的对象。菲利普四世财政上的长期而愈发严重的困难,使得其不得不想尽各种办法聚集财富。圣殿骑士团同伦巴底商人和犹太人一样,成为了法王打击和剥削的对象。异端和巫术方面的“重大嫌疑”,宗教裁判官的特别要求,为法王对圣殿骑士团逮捕行动和审问,提供了合法的依据,成为了这场审判的导火索。13世纪以来的西方世界,特别是法兰西社会对异端和巫术恐慌的加剧,宗教裁判所为法兰西王室所控制,日趋成为政治迫害的工具的事实,都为法王利用异端审判的手段消灭圣殿骑士团,提供了必要的条件和机会。此外,圣殿骑士团自身也存在着一系列的问题。单一的军事和经济功能,宗教职责的缺失,组织上的薄弱,对封建君主和教皇的过分依赖,缺乏自我保护的能力,都使得其容易成为受到打击的对象。阿克陷落之后,其政策上的僵化、缺乏与时俱进的变化,使其进一步被削弱,最终的衰亡似乎也成为了其发展的趋势和历史的必然。
[Abstract]:The trial, launched in 1307, dealt a devastating blow to the Templars and was one of the most important events of the 14th century. The reasons for the order's trial were complex and varied, and King Philip IV played a key role in the initiation of the trial. Hidden under the guise of heresy, the trial had profound political and economic causes, closely linked to the decline of the crusade, the struggle between imperial and religious power, It is also a reflection of the increasing fear of heresy in Western Europe since the 13 th century. The decline of the Templar order in the end of the 13 th century is also an important aspect in the course of its trial. The fate of the Crusades and the Templars has always been closely linked, and the Templars are the greatest defenders of the holy places in Western Europe. The decline of the crusade, especially the fall of Akk in 1291, caused the order of the Templar to fall into a serious crisis in the Christian world. The request for its reform and integration made the order of the Templar conflict with the King of France directly, and provided the reason and excuse for the action of the King of France. The Pope is the only patriarch and the most powerful protector of the Templar Knights order. The Knights order is also an important tool for the Pope to defend the religious rights. The decline of religious power in the late 13th century made the Templar Knights order lose the effective protection of the Pope, on the contrary, Became the victim of the French king's further attack on the Pope. The economy was the main reason for the order's trial. The great wealth accumulated by the Templars in the West, especially its huge financial and credit system developed over the past 200 years, makes it easy to be the object of attack by feudal monarchs. Philip IV's long and growing financial difficulties forced him to do everything he could to amass his wealth. The order of Knights, like the Lombarites and Jews, was the object of attack and exploitation by the King of France. The "major suspicion" of heresy and witchcraft, and the special demands of religious magistrates, provided a legitimate basis for the King of France to arrest and interrogate the order of the Knights of the Templar, and became the trigger of the trial in the Western world since the 13th century. In particular, the increasing fear of heresy and witchcraft in French society, the fact that religious adjudication is controlled by the French royal family and is increasingly becoming a tool of political persecution, is all the use of heresy by the King of France to destroy the Knights of the Templars. The necessary conditions and opportunities are provided. In addition, the order itself also has a series of problems. A single military and economic function, a lack of religious duty, a weak organization, an overdependence on feudal monarchs and popes, and a lack of self-protection make them vulnerable to attack. After the fall of Ark, its policy became rigid, lacking the change of keeping pace with the times, which weakened it further, and the final decline seemed to be the trend of its development and the necessity of its history.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K13

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