穿越“铁幕”：美国对“苏东国家”的冷战宣传（1945—1963）

发布时间：2018-04-24 19:43

本文选题：冷战宣传 + 美国　；参考：《东北师范大学》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 本文将重点研究1945-1963年间美国政府对苏联、东欧国家冷战宣传的发展、内容和影响。冷战时期，尽管美苏领导着东西方集团以势不两立的姿态对峙，但双方都尽可能地避免通过兵戎相见以武力定输赢。基于这种情况，美国、苏联以及欧洲各国都积极求助于宣传，为它们那些冷战思维主导的外交政策行为寻找正当的理由，赢得国内外舆论对冷战的支持，并在此基础上进而为本国赢得冷战的最终胜利。当影响国际公众舆论发展成为国际关系的主要目标时，传统的外交方式已经远远不能满足国家对外关系的需要，宣传成为实施外交政策的重要工具。所以，美国决策者渐渐把宣传和影响公众舆论的其他形式的心理行动当作美国外交政策的“第四种武器”，视作与外交政策中的政治、经济、军事因素同样重要。在冷战的对抗中，伴随着“解放”东欧国家和“穿越铁幕”这些富有攻击性的政策和目标，美国政府针对苏联、东欧国家展开了很多宣传和心理战运动。除了广播、出版物、传单等这些传统的散播思想的方式，宣传，也就是美国政府所谈论的“心理战略”还渗透到美国与苏联和东欧国家关系的各个方面。随着冷战国际局势的变化，美国政府对苏东国家的冷战宣传不仅方式变得迂回、隐蔽、多种多样，目标也逐渐越过苏东国家政府首脑，直接诉诸于大众舆论。由此可见，“争夺心灵和思想的斗争”完全不是美苏争斗的边缘方面，而是它们的主战场之一。本文以美国政府的解密文件为主要的资料来源，根据美国政府对苏联和东欧国家冷战宣传的发展历程，把第二次世界战结束后至肯尼迪政府时期的美国冷战宣传分为肇始、发展、高峰三个阶段；在每一阶段，，围绕着美国政府的国家安全战略、美国政府对外宣传机构的变迁、以及美国政府针对苏联和东欧国家所实施的宣传行动分专题进行探讨，详细分析旨在影响苏联和东欧国家人民思想观念的美国政府的冷战宣传。其中第一章《美国政府冷战宣传的肇始(1945一1952)》着重论述随着冷战的展开和需要，二战后曾一度衰落的美国政府的对外宣传迅速复兴，并发展成为冷战宣传。第二章《美国政府冷战宣传的发展(1953一1956)》分析了在艾森豪威尔政府的“新面貌”国家安全政策的指导下，美国政府对外宣传机构的重组和全面展开的对苏东国家的和平演变的宣传。第三章《美国政府冷战宣传发展的高峰 (1957一1963)》阐述了艾森豪威尔政府如何通过签订美苏文化、教育交流协定和在莫斯科举办美国国家展览会成功的“穿越铁幕”，把美国政府的信息直接传送到苏联人民那里;以及肯尼迪政府如何改善对外宣传因素在美国外交政策制定过程中的作用，提出对抗苏联“和平共处”的宣传主题。本文力图通过历史的论述考察美国政府的对外宣传战略、对外宣传的机构建制以及对外宣传活动等问题在具体历史情况下的变化与发展，揭示冷战宣传在美国政府的整体冷战战略中所具有的重要地位，和对美国国家安全机构设置的变化、国家安全政策的形成与修订等方面所产生的巨大影响。
[Abstract]:In the cold war era , American government policy makers gradually regard propaganda and other forms of psychological action which influence public opinion as " fourth weapon " of American foreign policy .

According to the United States government ' s development of the Cold War propaganda of the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries , the thesis divides the propaganda of the Cold War in the period from the end of the Second World War to the Kennedy administration period into three stages : the beginning , the development and the peak .
At each stage , around the U.S . government ' s national security strategy , the changes of the U.S . government ' s external publicity agencies , and the U.S . government ' s sub - theme of the advocacy action implemented by the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries , a detailed analysis of the U.S . government aimed at influencing the ideology of the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries

The Cold War propaganda . The first chapter is the beginning of the Cold War propaganda of the United States Government ( 1945 - 1952 ) .

With the expansion of the Cold War and the need of the Cold War , the United States government which has declined once after World War II

Promotion of rapid recovery and development as the propaganda of the cold war . Chapter II : Cold War propaganda of the United States Government

The development ( 1953 - 1956 ) analyzes the national security of the " new visage " of the government in the country

Under the guidance of the policy , the United States government ' s foreign propaganda organs reorganization and the comprehensive expansion of the country of the Soviet Union

The propaganda of the peaceful evolution of the family . The third chapter is the peak of the Cold War propaganda development of the United States Government .

( 1957 - 1963 ) explained how the Government of the Government of the Government of the Government of the Soviet Union had adopted a culture of American and Soviet culture , education and education ,

The exchange agreement and the success of the American National Exhibition in Moscow , " Crossing the Iron Curtain " , turning the United States

The government ' s information was transmitted directly to the people of the Soviet Union ; and how Kennedy ' s government improved the outside world

The role of the propaganda factor in the development of foreign policy in the United States , and put forward a peaceful co - operation against the Soviet Union . The article tries to study the American government ' s external publicity through the historical exposition

The specific historical situation of the strategies , the institution - building of the foreign propaganda and the publicity activities of the outside world

The changes and developments of the Cold War have revealed that the Cold War has been promoted in the U.S . government ' s overall cold war strategy

Important status of national security policies and changes to security institutions in the United States

so as to have a great impact on the aspects such as revision and the like .

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K712

【引证文献】