十四世纪的黑死病与英国社会之变迁

发布时间：2018-04-25 18:03

本文选题：黑死病 + 英国　；参考：《苏州科技学院》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】：1348年源于中亚地区的黑死病,从欧洲大陆传播到了英国。由于英国特殊的气候条件、人为对生态环境的破坏、加之城镇较差的卫生环境和人们不良的卫生习惯,几种因素相互作用,造成瘟疫在英国沿水路迅速传播开来。黑死病的迅速传播造成英国人口数量锐减,而锐减的程度通过对教士阶层和平民阶层的死亡率的分析,整个社会的死亡率大约在45%-50%之间。同时,通过人口替代率的考察,可以看出英国人口在黑死病后长期发展缓慢。人口的锐减必然带来劳动力的短缺,劳动力价格攀升,给以农为主的英国经济带来了巨大的灾难。面对这一状况,封建主不得不考虑改变经营方式,传统的庄园制度加速瓦解,农奴制度也随之退出历史舞台,而出租制则日益盛行。土地经营规模也发生了变化,大份地盛行,农业经济向农牧业混合经济转变,这一切使英国的农业经济得到逐步地恢复。在农业的带动下,商业和城镇也开始恢复、繁荣。而在应对黑死病带来的社会危机的过程中,英国国家管理体制、法律制度的日渐健全。与此同时,英国出现了一些新兴的社会阶层。瘟疫对英国的社会变迁不仅体现在这些物质层面,还体现精神层面。黑死病后,人们的思想观念即宗教观、生活观、死亡观也发生了重大变迁。因此,黑死病在英国中世纪社会变迁过程中扮演了重要的角色。
[Abstract]:The Black death, which originated in Central Asia in 1348, spread from continental Europe to Britain. Due to the special climatic conditions, the man-made damage to the ecological environment, the poor sanitation in towns and people's bad hygiene habits, the interaction of several factors causes the plague to spread rapidly along the waterway in England. The rapid spread of the Black death caused a sharp decline in the population of Britain, and the extent of the decline was estimated at between 45 and 50 per cent for the whole society through an analysis of the death rates of the clergy and the civilian class. At the same time, through the study of population substitution rate, we can see that the long-term development of the British population after the Black death is slow. The sharp decline in population will inevitably lead to a shortage of labor, rising labor prices, and a huge disaster for the agriculture-oriented economy of the United Kingdom. In the face of this situation, the feudal owners had to consider changing the management mode, the traditional manor system accelerated to collapse, the serfdom system also withdrew from the historical stage, and the rental system became more and more popular. The scale of land management has also changed, and the agricultural economy has changed to the mixed economy of agriculture and animal husbandry, which has gradually restored the agricultural economy of England. Led by agriculture, commerce and towns also began to recover and flourish. In the process of dealing with the social crisis caused by the Black death, the British national management system and legal system are becoming more and more perfect. At the same time, some new social classes have emerged in Britain. The social vicissitude of the plague to Britain is reflected not only in the material level, but also in the spiritual level. After the Black death, people's ideas of religion, life and death also changed greatly. Therefore, the Black death played an important role in the process of social change in medieval England.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K561.32

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