战后美国的城市危机及其原因

发布时间：2018-04-28 03:47

本文选题：城市危机 + 人口减少　；参考：《河北师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 战后美国的城市危机,是20世纪60年代以来一个引人注目的问题,并引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。本文力图在前人研究的基础上,较全面的展现战后美国城市危机的表现,并在此基础上对城市危机的原因进行了深入系统的分析。第一部分从美国城市的发展概况入手,简述了美国工业化与城市化的进程。到1920年美国实现了城市化,此后进入郊区化的发展阶段。二战后,过度的郊区化给中心城市带来了极大的危害,引起城市危机。本部分从三个方面描述了城市危机的表现,即中心城市人口的减少、城市社会的动荡(种族暴乱频发,犯罪率居高不下)、城市社区的衰败(居住条件恶化,贫民窟的大量存在)。在第一部分的基础上,第二、三、四、五部分都对城市危机的原因进行了深刻的论述。第二部分认为种族歧视和种族隔离无处不在。有歧视就有不平等,不平等的住房、教育和就业最终导致了黑人和少数民族的贫困,中心城市居民的贫困引发城市危机。此外,种族歧视引发种族矛盾和黑人骚乱,使得中心城市变成最不安定的居住和投资场所,进一步加深了中心城市的衰落。第三部分从经济社会发展的宏观角度进行论述,说明整个经济结构的调整加速了中心城市的衰落。战后,美国进入后工业社会,经济呈现去工业化的发展趋势。工业、制造业等传统产业发展缓慢,工厂倒闭,生产规模大幅度缩水,出现了大批的废弃厂房,中心城市变成最糟糕的投资场所。虽然服务业的兴起也提供了相当一部分就业,但远远不能弥补传统产业的衰落所造成的损失,并且一部分服务业在兴起之时,就紧随着服务对象的郊区化来到郊区。这样中心城市就伴随着经济结构的调整衰落了。第四部分首先论述了红线制度的产生及其概念。红线制度把中心城市社区划归为高风险、低偿还能力的区域,信贷行业因此拒绝给与贷款,中心城市得不到贷款就很难发展振兴。其次,贷款机构在其公开的歧视性行为遭到抗议之后,采取了更为隐蔽的方法来实行红线制度,如:提高首付、歧视性评估、高利率、较短的贷款年限及采用心理上的红线制度等。由于红线制度的存在,中心城市得不到贷款资金,发展受限,加剧了中心城市的衰落。第五部分主要论述了产业的郊区化。由于制造业、商业和服务业的郊区化,使得中心城市就业减少,人口也随之流向郊区,过度的郊区化导致了中心城市的衰落。
[Abstract]:The American city crisis in the post - war era is a remarkable problem since the 1960s , and has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad .

Based on the previous research , this paper tries to show the performance of the post - war American city crisis and analyze the causes of the urban crisis .

The first part starts with the development of American cities , briefly introduces the process of industrialization and urbanization in the United States . By 1920 , the United States realized urbanization , and then entered the development stage of suburbanization . After World War II , excessive urbanization brought great harm to the central city , which caused the city crisis .

On the basis of the first part , the second , the third , the fourth and the fifth part deeply discuss the causes of the urban crisis .

The second part considered racial discrimination and apartheid to be pervasive . There was discrimination on inequality , unequal housing , education and employment , which ultimately led to the poverty of black and ethnic minorities , the poverty of the central urban population led to the urban crisis . In addition , racial discrimination caused ethnic tensions and black riots , turning the central city into the most unstable place of residence and investment , further deepening the decline of the central city .

In the third part , from the macro perspective of economic and social development , the adjustment of the whole economic structure has accelerated the decline of the central city . After the war , the development of the traditional industries such as industry , manufacturing and other traditional industries has been slow , the factory closures and the production scale have shrunk greatly .

The fourth part firstly discusses the emergence and the concept of the red line system . The red line system classifies the central city community as high - risk and low - paying ability . The credit industry thus refuses to give loans . The central city can ' t get the loan . Secondly , the loan institution adopts a more subtle way to implement the red - line system , such as raising the first - payment , the discriminatory assessment , the high interest rate , the shorter loan period and the psychological red - line system .

The fifth part mainly discusses the suburbanization of the industry . Because of the suburbanization of manufacturing , commercial and service industries , the employment of the central city is reduced and the population flows to the suburbs , which leads to the decline of the central city .

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712

【引证文献】