古希腊悲剧演员及其时代

发布时间：2018-05-03 05:15

本文选题：演员 + 古希腊悲剧　；参考：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：古希腊悲剧演员由酒神秘仪中的酒神颂歌队演变而来,最初主要负责与悲剧歌队展开对答以及朗诵个人独白。早期演员曾由悲剧诗人兼任。随着悲剧的发展,演员成为独立个体,并在数量上逐渐增加。现存古希腊悲剧一般由三名演员完成表演,有些演员要兼任多个角色。公元前449年雅典在大酒神节的悲剧竞赛中设立了最佳演员奖,从而开创了演员表演的新时期。演员的动作、声音、服装都成为参评的标准。悲剧演出开始作为整体出现在舞台上。这一奖项的设立标志着演员受重视程度的提高,获奖诗人与演员的名字一同刻于纪念碑上。随着希腊古典时代的终结,悲剧创作陷入低谷。但由于演员的不懈努力,悲剧艺术在希腊世界的影响反而逐渐扩大。许多地区建立了剧场,并培养出优秀的演员。在希腊化时代,演员团体在地中海世界巡回演出,将古希腊悲剧传播到各地。悲剧演员在舞台上身穿戏服、佩戴面具,除了动作与声音,其他个人特点完全被掩盖。优秀演员必须具备出色的表演技巧,不仅要求声间优美,而且在动作模仿方面也要细腻逼真。在古希腊悲剧中,演员经常要扮演多个角色。虽然面具与戏服的替换有助于改变形象,但由于不同角色的声音、姿态存在差异,演员在表演中面临许多困难。古希腊演员全部为男性,他们在扮演女性角色时会遇到同样的问题。而他们用高超的技艺一一化解了这些难题,在史料中很少看到对演员表演的指责。悲剧演员的面具值得特别关注。狄奥尼索斯是面具之神,在酒神节表演中面具的意义引发诸多讨论。面具不仅具有宗教特征,在表演时作用也很突出。它掩盖了表演者的真实身份,赋予其所扮角色的一些特点。面具还有助于吸引观众注意,能够营造各种舞台气氛。在宏伟的剧场中,而具利于演员进行表演。悲剧演员的出现与古希腊文化传统息息相关。从克里特时代起,表演一直是希腊文化的中心内容。从史诗诗人到节庆歌舞队,从家庭会饮到竞技场,各种文艺、体育表演层出不穷。古希腊民众对于宗教节庆及赛会的热爱集中表现在他们非常乐于展现个人才艺。悲剧表演的元素在各种活动中均有体现,演员将其融为一体并发扬光大。城邦推动了古典文明的进步。对于演员来说,城邦为其发展提供了必要条件。城邦一直致力于提高个人素质、培养优秀公民。因此,一方面城邦要大力推行教育,对青少年开展文学、艺术、体魄的培养；另一方面城邦设立各种竞技赛会,鼓励公民参与城邦之间及内部的竞争。民主政制建立之后,公民对公共活动的参与更加广泛,城邦的舞台不再被少数贵族垄断。在诸多因素的共同作用下,悲剧演员才会在古典时代大量出现。
[Abstract]:The ancient Greek tragic actors evolved from the Dionysian carols in the Wine Mystery. They were primarily responsible for answering and reciting personal monologues with the tragic Orchestra. Early actors were both tragic poets. With the development of tragedy, actors become independent individuals and gradually increase in number. Existing Greek tragedies are usually performed by three actors, some of whom have multiple roles. In 449 BC, Athens established the Best Actor Award in the tragic competition for Dionysus, thus opening a new era of actor performance. Actors' movements, sounds, and costumes are the criteria for assessment. The tragic performance began to appear on the stage as a whole. The award marks an increase in the importance of actors, with the names of the winning poets and actors engraved on the monument. With the end of the Greek classical era, tragic creation fell into a trough. However, due to the unremitting efforts of the actors, the influence of tragic art in the Greek world has gradually expanded. Theatres have been established in many areas and excellent actors have been trained. In the Hellenistic era, groups of actors toured the Mediterranean world, spreading ancient Greek tragedies. Tragic actors wear costumes and masks on the stage. A good actor must have excellent performance skills, not only to sound beautiful, but also to imitate the action to be exquisite and lifelike. In ancient Greek tragedies, actors often play multiple roles. Although the replacement of masks and costumes helps to change the image, actors face many difficulties in performing because of the differences in the sound and posture of different characters. Ancient Greek actors were all men, and they had the same problems in playing female roles. They have solved these problems with great skill, and rarely see accusations of actor performance in historical records. The masks of tragic actors deserve special attention. Dionysus is the god of masks, and the significance of masks in the Dionysus festival has aroused much discussion. Masks not only have religious characteristics, but also play a prominent role in the performance. It conceals the true identity of the performer and assigns some characteristics to the character he plays. The mask can also help to attract the attention of the audience, can create a variety of stage atmosphere. In grand theatres, it is convenient for actors to perform. The appearance of tragic actors is closely related to the cultural tradition of ancient Greece. Performance has been a central part of Greek culture since Crete's time. From epic poets to festival singing and dancing troupes, from family drinks to arenas, various arts and sports performances emerge in endlessly. The Greek people's love for religious festivals and tournaments is concentrated in their willingness to show their personal talents. The elements of tragic performance are reflected in all kinds of activities, actors merge it and carry it forward. The polis promoted the progress of classical civilization. For actors, the polis provides the necessary conditions for their development. City-state has been committed to improving personal quality, training excellent citizens. Therefore, on the one hand, the city-states should vigorously promote education to develop literature, art and physique for young people; on the other hand, the city-states should set up various competitions to encourage citizens to participate in the competition among and within the city-states. After the establishment of democracy, citizens' participation in public activities became more extensive, and the city-state stage was no longer monopolized by a few nobles. Under the joint action of many factors, tragic actors will appear in large numbers in the classical times.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：J809.545;K125

【引证文献】