四国占领期间的德国妇女（1945-1949）

发布时间：2018-05-06 09:50

本文选题：德国 + 妇女　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：二战失败后,德国政治上被四大国分区占领,经济上完全崩溃,整个国家陷入空前严重的灾难之中。战争使绝大部分处于工作年龄的男性死于战争或沦为战俘,德国妇女因而成为德国人口中的大多数。战后德国人口中55％都是女性,而20岁到29岁的年轻劳动力中63%都是女性,因此德国妇女承担了在四个占领国的监督下的德国重建工作,处境极为艰难。本文将从战后德国妇女的生存环境、社会生活,家庭生活和政治生活四个方面来还原从1945年占领时期开始到1949年联邦德国和民主德国成立的德国妇女的真实生活。文章分为五个部分：第一部分主要揭示战后德国社会的概况,还原德国妇女在占领初期面临的生存环境：第二次世界大战使德国几乎成为一片废墟,四大国的分区占领和管制政策更是使战后的德国雪上加霜,男性青壮年劳动力紧缺、房屋严重不足、粮煤供应困难,人民生活极其艰苦,社会形势极其严峻。第二部分主要介绍占领期间德国妇女的社会经济生活。由于妇女在人口数量和健康状况上都比男性占优势,因此,占领初期国家和家庭的重担就落在了她们肩上。一方面,她们积极参与社会重建,帮助清理废墟,促进社会秩序的恢复；另一方面,她们努力维持家人生计,在占领当局规定的工作以外想方设法获取更多的生存必需品,帮助家人度过了艰难的时刻。第三部分主要介绍德国妇女的家庭生活。占领时期的经历对德国妇女的家庭生活产生了非常大的影响：一方面,妇女进入社会生活的各个领域,承担了许多原本属于男人的责任,独立性日益增长；另一方面,占领时期,很多妇女由于形势所迫与占领军发生了性关系,这种经历导致夫妻间关系紧张。独立性的增长使妇女不满足于传统家庭角色,而与占领军的关系又使婚姻出现裂缝,家庭冲突日渐激烈,家庭危机日渐严重。第四部分主要介绍德国妇女的政治生活。占领军占领初期并没有意识到女性占人口大多数会对德国产生怎样的影响,因此并未为对妇女这个多数群体予以重视。而当他们意识到妇女这个群体是重要的选民,值得引起关注时,除了法国以外,其他三个占领军政府分别采取了不同的措施引导妇女参与政治生活,以在德国重建过程中发挥作用。最后为结语部分。
[Abstract]:After the defeat of World War II, Germany was politically occupied by the four major powers, its economy completely collapsed, and the whole country was plunged into an unprecedented disaster. The war made the vast majority of working-age men die of war or become prisoners of war, making German women the majority of the German population. After the war, 55 percent of Germans were women, and 63 percent of young workers between the ages of 20 and 29 were women, making it extremely difficult for German women to take on the task of rebuilding Germany under the supervision of the four occupying powers. This paper will restore the real life of German women from the occupation period of 1945 to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of Germany in 1949 from four aspects: the living environment, the social life, the family life and the political life of the German women after the war. The article is divided into five parts: The first part mainly reveals the general situation of postwar German society and restores the living environment that German women faced in the early days of occupation: the second World War made Germany almost a ruin. The occupation and control policy of the four major countries made the post-war Germany worse. The male youth labor shortage, the housing shortage, the supply of grain and coal, the people's living extremely hard, the social situation extremely grim. The second part mainly introduces the social and economic life of German women during the occupation. Because women are superior to men in terms of population size and health, the burden of the country and the family fell on them in the early days of the occupation. On the one hand, they are actively involved in the reconstruction of society, helping to clear the rubble and promoting the restoration of social order; on the other hand, they strive to maintain the livelihood of their families and to find ways to obtain more necessities of life beyond the jobs mandated by the occupation authorities, To help the family through difficult times. The third part mainly introduces the family life of German women. The experience of the occupation period has had a great impact on the family life of German women: on the one hand, women have taken on many of the responsibilities of men in all spheres of social life, and on the other hand have become increasingly independent, During the occupation, many women had sexual relations with the occupation forces because of the situation, which caused tension between husband and wife. The increase in independence makes women dissatisfied with traditional family roles, while the relationship with the occupation forces leads to marriage cracks, family conflicts becoming increasingly fierce, and family crises becoming more and more serious. The fourth part mainly introduces the political life of German women. In the early days of occupation, the occupying forces did not realize the impact of the majority of the population on Germany, and therefore did not pay attention to the majority group of women. And when they realized that the group of women was an important constituency that was cause for concern, the three other occupying governments, in addition to France, had taken different measures to induce women to participate in political life, To play a role in the reconstruction of Germany. The last part is the conclusion.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516

【参考文献】