美国对联合国刚果维和行动的政策（1960-1964）

发布时间：2018-05-14 06:12

本文选题：联合国刚果维和 + 美国政策　；参考：《东北师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 联合国维和行动是指联合国安理会或联合国大会通过决议创建的使用武装和非武装的军事人员解决国际冲突、维持和平的一种行动。美国政府认为在一些未涉及两国根本利益的地区,可以和苏联在联合国维和的框架下进行有限的合作来维持国际和平与安全,这样做符合美国的国家利益。另外,美国利用在联合国的优势地位,通过联合国维和行动来解决争端与冲突,可以在一定程度上避免与苏联同时卷入而发生对抗的危险。所以美国对联合国维和行动是有其特殊政策的。联合国在刚果的维和行动是冷战时期规模空前、耗资巨大的行动,使得维和经费剧增,导致了美苏在联合国刚果维和法理上的争论:如关于联合国刚果维和行动的主导是联合国主导还是安理会的绝对主导;维和会费的安排等问题的争论,从而在美国外交政策史上第一次凸显了对联合国维和行动政策的反思,为以后的维和政策奠定了基础。 1960年独立的刚果是在全球非殖化的大环境下诞生的,这有利于刚果的反殖斗争。尽管如此,刚刚独立的刚果,还是陷入了严重内忧外患当中。刚果政府向联合国求救,安理会通过决议,授权联合国秘书长哈马舍尔德组织联合国刚果维和行动。艾森豪威尔政府从自身利益出发,大力支持刚果维和行动。但实际上美国是怕苏联利用刚果危机趁乱介入。当出现一丝这样的苗头时,艾森豪威尔政府不惜通过中央情报局采取秘密暗杀行动,把亲苏分子卢蒙巴从刚果总理的位置上赶下来,并最终借刀将其除掉。 1961年肯尼迪政府上台后,尽管卢蒙巴已经被除,但刚果局势扑朔迷离,出现了分崩离析之势。肯尼迪政府在美国利益范围内适当的调整了对刚果的政策,在联合国框架内,把其作为对新非洲的政策的表率,试图改变美国亲殖民者的形象。肯尼迪政府开始认真解决刚果问题,支持联合国武力施压,并最终解决了加丹加的分裂问题。联合国刚果维和花费巨大,给联合国的经济和财政造成了巨大的负担。联合国刚果维和行动进行时,苏联等国家认为刚果维和不公正,所以拒绝支付刚果维和会费,并进而对联合国大会主导的刚果维和提出质疑。美国一方面强硬催缴苏联所欠的维和会费,一方面根据宪章第十九条,叫嚣要提交到第十九次联大上,对苏联可能处以不能表决的处罚。美苏争论,客观上也使联合国未来的维和机制更加具体和完备。
[Abstract]:The United Nations peacekeeping operation is a kind of action that uses armed and unarmed military personnel to solve international conflicts and keep peace, which is created by UN Security Council or UN General Assembly resolutions. The U.S. government believes that it is in the national interest of the United States to cooperate with the Soviet Union in maintaining international peace and security within the framework of United Nations peacekeeping in areas where the fundamental interests of the two countries are not at stake. In addition, the United States can use its advantage in the United Nations to resolve disputes and conflicts through UN peacekeeping operations, to a certain extent, it can avoid the danger of confrontation with the Soviet Union at the same time. So the United States has a special policy on UN peacekeeping operations. The United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo was an unprecedented and costly operation during the cold war, resulting in a dramatic increase in peacekeeping funds. This has led to a debate between the United States and the Soviet Union on the legal principles of the United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo, such as whether the leading role of the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo is dominated by the United Nations or the Security Council, and the arrangement of peacekeeping contributions. Thus, for the first time in the history of American foreign policy, the reflection on the policy of UN peacekeeping operations is highlighted, which lays the foundation for the future peacekeeping policy. The independence of Congo in 1960 was born in the context of global decolonization, which was conducive to the Congo's anti-colonization struggle. Even so, the newly independent Congo is caught in serious internal and external troubles. The Congolese government appealed to the United Nations for help, and the Security Council passed a resolution authorizing UN Secretary General Hammarskjold to organize a UN peacekeeping operation in Congo. The Eisenhower administration, acting in its own interest, strongly supported the Congolese peacekeeping operation. In fact, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union would use the Congo crisis to intervene in chaos. When there was a hint of that, the Eisenhower government did not hesitate to carry out secret assassinations through the CIA, ousting the pro-Soviet Lumumba from his post as prime minister and eventually removing it with a knife. After the Kennedy administration came to power in 1961, although the Lumumba had been removed, the situation in Congo was uncertain and disintegrated. In the framework of the United Nations, the Kennedy administration appropriately adjusted its policy towards the Congo within the scope of American interests, taking it as an example of its policy towards the New Africa and trying to change the image of the pro-colonists of the United States. The Kennedy administration began to seriously resolve the Congo issue, supported the United Nations pressure by force, and finally resolved the split of Katanga. The cost of United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo is enormous, putting a huge burden on the economy and finance of the United Nations. When the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo, the Soviet Union and other countries considered Congo peacekeeping unfair, so they refused to pay Congo peacekeeping dues, and then questioned the United Nations General Assembly led by Congo peacekeeping. On the one hand, the United States strongly called on the Soviet Union to pay the peacekeeping dues owed by the Soviet Union; on the other hand, under Article 19 of the Charter, the United States clamoured to submit it to the 19th UN General Assembly, and the Soviet Union may be punished without a vote. The United States and the Soviet Union argue objectively that the future UN peacekeeping mechanism is more concrete and complete.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D813.2;K712.54

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