奥斯曼帝国奴隶制研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 18:57

本文选题：奥斯曼帝国 + 奴隶制　；参考：《西北大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 早在中亚处于游牧状态时，突厥人已经知道将战俘作为奴隶。当奥斯曼王朝获得财富和权力时，奴隶制才作为一种正式制度而存在。奥斯曼的奴隶来源相当广泛，战俘、绑架、进贡、征发等等，大量的奴隶充斥帝国。伊斯兰法对奴隶制并不排斥，，其中包含着许多对待奴隶的规定。在奥斯曼帝国，奴隶主要分为军事奴隶、家内奴隶和农业、手工业奴隶。其中军事奴隶中的“少年征役制”是帝国奴隶制中一种特殊的制度，使帝国在早期的军事征服中不断取得胜利。帝国的奴隶主要用来消费而不是生产，因此农业和手工业奴隶相对较少。由于坦齐马特改革情况发生了改变，从克里米亚战争开始，奥斯曼不再奴役战俘，如果这种情况发生，政府将视其为绑架。当1856年法令取消了传统的迪米阶层，奴役反叛的非穆斯林也结束了。另一方面，坦齐马特的中央集权打乱了地方平衡，阻止当地的将军奴役非穆斯林。因此奥斯曼仍然依靠奴隶贸易来维持帝国的奴隶制。伴随坦齐马特而来的是英国对帝国奴隶制和奴隶贸易的干涉。早在1840年英国希望与奥斯曼合作镇压奴隶贸易，但英国政府并没有要求奥斯曼政府废除奴隶制。在英国国内一直存在着争论，是先镇压帝国的奴隶贸易还是先废除帝国的奴隶制。一些政府官员对帝国的逐步了解使镇压奴隶贸易成了首要策略。1857年，奥斯曼政府禁止黑奴贸易，在这之前奥斯曼政府不敢破坏奴隶的供应，克里米亚战争后，奥斯曼在政治和经济上严重依赖英国和法国，在这种情况下禁止黑奴贸易是让英法满意的明智之举。1857年大规模禁止黑奴贸易是奥斯曼废除黑人奴隶制的第一步。随后，镇压奴隶贸易的范围扩大。在阿卜杜哈米德二世统治时期，奥斯曼政府在坦齐马特时期发展的反奴隶贸易政策得以继续。1890年，布鲁塞尔国际反奴大会确认了奥斯曼的地位。在青年土耳其时期，奴隶有更多的机会获得自由。虽然帝国没有颁布法律废除奴隶制，但随着帝国的灭亡，奴隶制也消失了。奥斯曼帝国的奴隶制以“家”为核心，家庭是这些奴隶融入奥斯曼社会的出发点。一些地位较高的军事奴隶与其前主人一直保持某种亲属关系，女奴逐渐成为家庭的正式成员。同时，在帝国内，奴隶主要是从事家内劳动，从事生产活动的奴隶很少。在奥斯曼人的眼中，奴隶制的存在是他们社会的传统，与西方的奴隶制有根本区别。而西方观察家也将奥斯曼的奴隶制与美国奴隶制相比较，重新审视奥斯曼帝国的奴隶制。
[Abstract]:As long ago as Central Asia was nomadic, the Turks had known prisoners of war as slaves. Slavery existed as a formal institution when the Ottoman dynasty gained wealth and power. Ottoman slaves came from a wide range of sources, prisoners of war, kidnappings, tribute, hair, and so on, and a large number of slaves flooded the empire. Islamic law does not exclude slavery and contains many provisions for the treatment of slaves. In the Ottoman Empire, slaves were mainly divided into military slaves, domestic slaves and agricultural, handicraft slaves. Among them, the "juvenile conscription system" in the military slaves was a special system in imperial slavery, which made the empire win continuously in the early military conquest. The slaves of the Empire were mainly used for consumption rather than production, so there were relatively few slaves in agriculture and handicrafts. As a result of the change in the Tantzimat Reform, Osman no longer enslaved prisoners of war since the Crimean War, and if that happens, the government will see it as kidnapping. When the 1856 decree abolished the traditional Demi class, the enslavement of the rebel non-Muslims came to an end. On the other hand, Tanzimat's centralization disrupted the local balance and prevented local generals from enslaving non-Muslims. As a result, Ottoman still relied on the slave trade to maintain imperial slavery. Tanzimat was accompanied by British intervention in imperial slavery and the slave trade. As early as 1840, Britain wanted to work with Ottoman to suppress the slave trade, but the British government did not ask the Ottoman government to abolish slavery. There has been a debate in Britain about whether to suppress the imperial slave trade first or abolish imperial slavery first. The gradual understanding of empires by some government officials made the suppression of the slave trade a primary strategy. In 1857, the Ottoman government banned the black slave trade, before which the Ottoman government dared not disrupt the supply of slaves, after the Crimean War. Osman relied heavily on Britain and France politically and economically, and it was wise for Britain and France to ban the slave trade under such circumstances. The mass ban on the black slave trade in 1857 was the first step towards the abolition of black slavery by Ottoman. Subsequently, the suppression of the slave trade expanded. During the reign of Aboudou Hamid II, the Ottoman government continued its anti-slave trade policy during the Tantzimat era. In 1890, the Brussels International Congress against Slavery confirmed Osman's status. In the youth of Turkey, slaves had more opportunities to be free. Although the Empire did not enact laws to abolish slavery, it disappeared with the fall of the Empire. The slavery of the Ottoman Empire centered on home, and the family was the starting point for the integration of these slaves into Ottoman society. Some high-ranking military slaves have maintained some kinship with their former masters, and female slaves have gradually become full members of the family. At the same time, in the Empire, slaves mainly engaged in domestic labor, few slaves engaged in productive activities. In the eyes of the Ottomans, the existence of slavery is the tradition of their society and is fundamentally different from slavery in the West. Western observers also compared Ottoman slavery with slavery in the United States and re-examined slavery in the Ottoman Empire.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K374.3

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