计算机与冷战—美国对苏联和中国限制出口计算机政策（1949-1979）

发布时间：2018-05-16 01:05

本文选题：冷战 + 计算机出口　；参考：《东北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：冷战开始之后,以美国为首的西方国家对苏联和中国等社会主义国家实行了一系列的遏制政策。最初的手段是以政治孤立、军事遏制为主,随着国家间交往的日益密切,经济、贸易的频繁来往,科学技术的发展等,美国采取了一种新的方式来遏制共产主义国家,即经济手段。在某种程度上,美国利用经济政策和对外贸易的手段达到了政治、军事手段所没有达到的效果。美国采取对苏联和中国的高新技术转让限制政策,一方面遏制了苏联和中国高科技的发展,一方面保障了本国的安全,符合美国的国家利益。本文通过对高新技术限制出口的研究,特别是以计算机的限制出口为例,利用最新的文献资料,试图分析美国制定这一政策的源起、目的、过程及影响。本文主要由三个部分组成: 引言:主要介绍有关本论文的选题依据、研究意义与方法、研究现状及相关的文献资料。正文分三大部分:一、主要介绍美国对苏联和中国贸易管制政策的源起。二战结束之后,美国就考虑禁止向苏联集团运送战略物资,铲除引发战争的经济根源。冷战爆发后,美国更视苏联为最大的敌人,不仅禁运国内的短缺物资,而且凡是属于有助于增强苏联军事潜力的物资也要立即停止从美国向苏联出口。从研究中可以发现美国逐渐从禁运战略物资转向限制高新技术转让。二、美国对苏联和中国限制出口计算机政策的形成是本文的核心部分,笔者首先概述美国政府限制高新技术转让政策的形成,然后分别从对苏和对华两个国家来介绍,同时对于两个国家又分别介绍了计算机整机、计算机技术及软件的出口管制。这种研究方式可以看出在不同时期美国对苏联和中国采取的不同政策以及三者之间的微妙关系。三、主要分析和评价美国对苏联和中国限制出口计算机的政策。结论部分:笔者分析了美国制定对苏联和中国限制出口计算机政策的目的及影响。得出了如下看法,美国制定国内外政策是根据美国的国家利益来确定的;科学技术是第一生产力,科技也是衡量一个国家综合实力的标准之一,冷战时期美国为了防止苏联等国实力的扩大,采取的是限制高新技术转让的政策,对涉及国家安全的军事技术更是杜绝外流;计算机应用十分广泛,在军事、工业、农业和信息等方面都起着举足轻重的作用,因此是美国必须要关注和重视的。
[Abstract]:After the Cold War, the western countries led by the United States carried out a series of containment policies against socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and China. The initial means were political isolation and military containment. With closer exchanges between countries, frequent economic and trade exchanges, and the development of science and technology, the United States adopted a new way to contain communist countries. That is, economic means. To some extent, the United States made use of economic policy and foreign trade to achieve results that were not achieved by political or military means. The United States has adopted the policy of restricting the transfer of high and new technology to the Soviet Union and China. Through the research on the export restriction of high and new technology, especially by taking the limited export of computer as an example, this paper tries to analyze the origin, purpose, process and influence of the policy made by the United States by using the latest literature. This paper consists of three parts: Introduction: this paper mainly introduces the basis, research significance and methods, research status and related literature. The text is divided into three parts: first, it introduces the origin of American trade control policy towards Soviet Union and China. After World War II, the United States considered banning the delivery of strategic goods to the Soviet bloc, eliminating the economic causes of the war. After the outbreak of the Cold War, the United States regarded the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, not only embarking on the shortage of domestic goods, but also immediately stopping exports from the United States of America to the Soviet Union, which would help to enhance the military potential of the Soviet Union. From the research can be found that the United States has gradually shifted from embargoed strategic goods to restrict the transfer of high-tech. Second, the formation of the United States' computer policy of restricting exports to the Soviet Union and China is the core part of this paper. The author first outlines the formation of the United States Government's policy of restricting the transfer of high and new technology, and then introduces the two countries of Su He to China, respectively. At the same time, the export control of computer whole machine, computer technology and software are introduced respectively for two countries. This kind of research can see the different policies and the subtle relationship between the Soviet Union and China in different periods. Third, the main analysis and evaluation of the United States to the Soviet Union and China restrictions on the export of computers policy. Conclusion: the author analyzes the purpose and influence of American policy of restricting exports to Soviet Union and China. The following views have been reached: the United States determines its domestic and foreign policies according to the national interests of the United States; science and technology are the primary productive forces, and science and technology are also one of the criteria for measuring a country's comprehensive strength. During the Cold War, in order to prevent the expansion of the strength of the Soviet Union and other countries, the United States adopted a policy of restricting the transfer of high and new technologies, and even stopped the outflow of military technology involving national security. Computers were widely used in military and industrial areas. Agriculture and information play an important role, so the United States must pay attention and attention.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K153

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