斯大林时期苏联西伯利亚开发探析

发布时间：2018-05-16 04:17

本文选题：区域开发 + 五年计划　；参考：《重庆师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：区域开发是一个复杂的系统工程,是一定地区内资源的综合开发利用过程,有系统性、整体性、层次性、结构性、计划性、战略性、综合性等特性。西伯利亚资源丰富、地理位置独特,是俄罗斯重要的地区。资源丰富的西伯利亚的开发却是经历了一个漫长的过程,沙俄政府开发的规模和影响都很小。苏联成立后,历届领导人也都十分重视西伯利亚的开发。在斯大林时期苏联政府对西伯利亚的开发,是工业化时期苏联大规模区域开发的一次重要尝试,开发模式对以后历届苏联政府产生了极其重要的影响。在一个上千万平方公里工业落后的区域中,苏联政府从全局和长远目标出发,统一规划和部署,通过制定多个五年计划使西伯利亚区域开发顺利实现。前三个五年的计划是在相对和平的情况下进行的,西伯利亚与远东各个方面的发展也都取得了很好的成绩。在三五计划实施了三年后,第二次世界大战爆发,战争打破了苏联的社会建设步伐,但是西伯利亚与远东作为战争的大后方则进入了快速的发展阶段,并为苏联最终取得战争的胜利做出了自己重大的贡献。战争结束,国家的政策重新倾向西部的欧洲部分,西伯利亚与远东的发展速度放缓。在计划体制下,国家有效地集中人力、物力、财力开发西伯利亚。西伯利亚也是苏联高度集中的计划体制的受益者。政府在开发过程中还设计了区域性生产综合体的新型机制,使西伯利亚开发顺利进行并尽快地产生经济效果。但是,计划体制也给西伯利亚的发展带来了消极的影响,优先发展重工业、片面追求数量指标的发展模式也给西伯利亚区域开发带来了消极影响。总体上看,斯大林时期西伯利亚的工业、农业的发展大大改变了这一地区的面貌,使其在苏联经济中的地位逐年提高,对苏联经济发展的贡献越来越大。工业上,燃料动力、水力和矿物质资源,是工业化代发展的基础。农业上,西伯利亚的土地资源丰富,是国家在东部一个新兴的粮食生产基地。相对与以后大规模的开发,这一时期仅仅是一个过渡。正是由于这一时期的建设,才为后来的大规模开发提供了有力的支撑。今天,世界经济一体化,这就对区域的开发提出了新的要求。区域经济的发展必须符合时代潮流,也要符合中国的国情。为此我们国家提出了以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观。科学发展观为现阶段区域经济发展战略注入了新的内涵。在人与自然的关系上,要求遵循的是人与自然和谐共存,可持续发展的准则。区域开发在科学发展观的指导下,要调整发展思路,转变发展模式。只有坚持以人为本的原则,以改革和创新为动力,才能实现社会全面和谐发展。
[Abstract]:Regional development is a complex system engineering, which is the process of comprehensive development and utilization of resources in a certain area. It has the characteristics of systematization, integrity, hierarchy, structure, planning, strategy, comprehensiveness and so on. Siberia is an important region of Russia because of its rich resources and unique geographical location. The exploitation of resource-rich Siberia has gone through a long process, the scale and influence of the Russian government are very small. After the founding of the Soviet Union, successive leaders also attached great importance to the development of Siberia. The exploitation of Siberia by the Soviet government in Stalin's time was an important attempt in the large-scale development of the Soviet Union during the industrialization period, and the development model had an extremely important influence on the successive Soviet governments. In a region with tens of millions of square kilometers of industrial backwardness, the Soviet government, proceeding from the overall and long-term goals, unified planning and deployment, and successfully realized the development of Siberia by drawing up several five-year plans. The first three years of the program were carried out in relative peace, and Siberia and the far East made good progress in every aspect. Three years after the implementation of the third Five-Year Plan, the second World War broke the pace of social construction in the Soviet Union, but Siberia and the far East, as the main rear areas of the war, entered a stage of rapid development. And for the Soviet Union finally won the war to make its own major contribution. At the end of the war, state policy shifted back to Europe in the west, and Siberia and the far East slowed down. Under the planning system, the state effectively concentrated manpower, material resources, and financial resources to develop Siberia. Siberia is also a beneficiary of the Soviet Union's highly centralized planning system. In the process of development, the government has also designed a new mechanism of regional production complex, which makes the development of Siberia go on smoothly and produce economic effect as soon as possible. However, the planning system also has a negative impact on the development of Siberia, giving priority to the development of heavy industry, and the development mode of one-sided pursuit of quantitative indicators also has a negative impact on the development of Siberia region. On the whole, the development of industry and agriculture in Siberia during Stalin's period changed the appearance of this region greatly, and made its status in the Soviet economy rise year by year, and it contributed more and more to the economic development of the Soviet Union. In industry, fuel power, hydraulic and mineral resources are the basis of industrialization. In agriculture, Siberia is rich in land resources, is the country in the east of a new food production base. This period is only a transition relative to later large-scale development. It is because of this period of construction, for the subsequent large-scale development to provide a strong support. Today, the integration of the world economy, this has put forward new requirements for regional development. Regional economic development must be in line with the trend of the times, but also in line with China's national conditions. Therefore, our country put forward the scientific development view of people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. The concept of scientific development has injected new connotation into the present regional economic development strategy. In the relation between man and nature, the principle of harmonious coexistence and sustainable development between man and nature is required. Under the guidance of the scientific development view, regional development should adjust the development thinking and change the development mode. Only by adhering to the principle of people-oriented and taking reform and innovation as the motive force can we realize the harmonious development of the society in an all-round way.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K512.5

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