美国的中美洲战略与《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》的签订（1898-1914）

发布时间：2018-05-25 01:23

本文选题：美国 + 中美洲　；参考：《东北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：中美洲是指墨西哥以南、哥伦比亚以北的美洲大陆中部地区。东临加勒比海,西濒太平洋。巴拿马运河和尼加拉瓜运河是中美洲地区的两条重要交通要道,它们可以沟通大西洋和太平洋,因此具有重要的战略地位。15世纪中美洲沦为西班牙的殖民地。17世纪中叶英国殖民者在布卢菲尔兹建立保护领地。1823年中美洲获得独立。由于中美洲具有重要的战略地位,19世纪中叶英、美两国对中美洲地峡的开凿权展开了激烈的争夺。1850年美英签订《克莱顿—布尔沃条约》,规定两国共同享有中美洲运河的开凿权,并共同负责对未来开凿的运河保持中立化。条约表明美国的势力提升到乃至英国不可小觑的地位。 20世纪初,进入帝国主义阶段的美国在西奥多·罗斯福总统对外扩张的“大棒政策”下,中美洲地峡是美国攫取海外利益的重要通道。因此美国谋求获取独自开凿中美洲运河通道的权利。美西战争中美国的胜利和日后美国军事力量的发展,迫使英国对于中美洲地峡开凿权向美国让步。1901年11月18日,美英签订了《海—庞塞弗特条约》,英国同意美国自由建造、控制和防守拟建中的地峡运河。同时废除《克莱顿—布尔沃条约》。由于中美洲国家尼加拉瓜领土连接大西洋与太平洋,境内有尼加拉瓜湖和圣胡安河,修筑一条贯通两洋的运河较为便利,成为美国建造交通要道的选择地。 1909年尼加拉瓜国内政局动乱。美国通过军事干涉和经济援助的手段拉近了与尼加拉瓜的关系,1911年美尼签订了《道森协定》,尼加拉瓜从美国获得150万美元的“经济援助”,尼加拉瓜把关税的控制权交给了美国。1912年,尼加拉瓜再次发动了反对政府的起义。美国派遣军舰和军队残酷镇压了起义。1914年8月美国和尼加拉瓜签订了《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》,美国从此获得了在尼加拉瓜独立建造运河的永久权利。本文坚持历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义,运用历史学和国际政治学综合研究的方法,运用国家利益、地缘政治等国际政治理论,以美国政府解密的外交文件为依据,研究19世纪末20世纪初美国在中美洲的战略利益选择,以及美尼签署《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》的过程,揭示美国的中美洲政策的实质及其特点,试图为全面了解美国的拉丁美洲政策提供学术的参考及历史根据。本文共分三部分: 第一部分:论述西奥多·罗斯福时期的南下战略与美英对中美洲运河的争夺。包括美国在中美洲的利益与美英《克莱顿—布尔沃条约》;美英逐鹿中美洲与《海—庞塞福特条约》的签订。第二部分:详细阐述《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》签订的背景及主要内容。包括美国对修建尼加拉瓜运河的考量;美国对尼加拉瓜革命的政策;《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》的签订过程及主要内容。第三部分:评析《布莱恩—查莫罗条约》。包括美国基本实现了中美洲政策的目标;尼加拉瓜沦为美国的保护国;巩固了美国在中美洲的地位。
[Abstract]:Central America refers to the south of Mexico and the central region of the American continent north of Columbia. It is the Caribbean Sea on the East, West on the Pacific Ocean. The the Panama Canal and Nicaragua canals are two important transportation routes in Central America. They can communicate with the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the Central America has an important strategic position in the middle America of.15 century. In the middle of the.17 century, the British colonists in the middle of the.17 century established a protected territory in Central America and gained independence in the middle America. Since Central America has an important strategic position, in the middle America, Britain and Britain in nineteenth Century, the United States and the United States launched a fierce battle for the Clayton Bulwer treaty between the United States and Britain for the opening of the isthmus of Central America and the Clayton Bulwer treaty, which stipulates the two countries. Together with the power of the Central American canal, and jointly responsible for the neutralization of the future canals, the treaty shows that the forces of the United States have risen to the top of the UK.
In the early twentieth Century, under the "great stick policy" of President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign expansion, the American Isthmus of Central America was an important channel for the United States to seize the interests of overseas. Therefore, the United States sought to gain the right to open the channel of the Central American canal alone. The United States and Britain signed the Treaty of "sea - pangthate" in November 18th.1901 years of.1901. Britain agreed that the United States was free to build, control and defend the canals of the isthmus. Meanwhile, the Clayton Bulwer treaty was abolished. Because of the connection between the Atlantic and Taiping in the Nicaragua territory of the states of China and the United States In the ocean, there are Nicaragua lake and San Juan River. It is more convenient to build a canal that runs through the two oceans, and becomes the choice for the us to build traffic arteries.
In 1909, the domestic political situation in Nicaragua was in turmoil. The United States drew close ties with Nicaragua through military interference and economic aid. In 1911, the United States signed the Dawson agreement, Nicaragua received $1 million 500 thousand from the United States for "economic assistance". Nicaragua handed over the control of tariffs to the United States for.1912, and Nicaragua launched again. The United States sent warships and troops cruelly to suppress the uprising in the August.1914, the United States and Nicaragua signed the Blaine - Charles treaty, and the United States gained the permanent right to build an independent canal in Nicaragua.
This article adheres to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, using the comprehensive study of history and international politics, using international political theories, such as national interests, geopolitics and other international political theories, on the basis of the diplomatic documents decrypted by the United States government, to study the strategic interests of the United States in Central America in the late nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, and to sign "Brune". The process of Don Chamorro treaty reveals the essence and characteristics of America's Central American policy, and tries to provide academic reference and historical basis for a comprehensive understanding of American Latin American policy.
This article is divided into three parts:
The first part is to discuss the southern strategy of the Theodore I period and the contention between the United States and Britain on the Central American canal, including the interests of the United States in Central America and the United States and Britain "the Treaty of Clayton Bulwer"; the signing of the United States and Britain in Central America and the Treaty of the sea to the Ford.
The second part: a detailed description of the background and main contents of the Blaine - Charles treaty, including the consideration of the construction of the Nicaragua canal by the United States; the policy of the United States to the Nicaragua revolution; the signing process and main content of the Blaine - the Treaty of Charles.
The third part: comment on the Blaine - Charles treaty >. The United States has basically achieved the goal of the Central American policy; Nicaragua is the protector of the United States; it has consolidated the status of the United States in Central America.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.5

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