试论但丁的政治思想

发布时间：2018-05-28 19:50

本文选题：但丁 + 哲学源流　；参考：《上海师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：但丁(Dante Aligieri, 1265-1321)是意大利中世纪过渡到文艺复兴时期的伟大民族诗人。出身没落贵族,在从政过程中倡导世俗政权。后来由于政治斗争被教皇党放逐。主要著作有《神曲》、《新生》、《飨食》、《帝制论》、《论俗语》,书信体文章《致斯加拉大亲王书》以及著名的叙事诗等。其著作与思想反映了人文主义的思想萌芽,肯定现世的生活,关注社会和追求真理,希望意大利能在君主制下和平统一。恩格斯评价他为“他是中世纪的最后一位诗人,同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。但丁的《帝制论》是一部论述政治统治的著作,但丁不仅是理论的阐述者,更是政坛的实践者。政坛的成功与失败以及颠沛流离的流浪生活,使得他对政治的见解超越了某些时代的局限性,本文试图通过分析但丁的生平与著作思想来分析但丁的政治思想。处在新旧交替时代的但丁既受到传统基督教的影响,也受到新思想萌芽的影响。在国家观念上,但丁继承和发展了阿奎那等宗教哲学家的国家观,对中世纪传统的国家观提出了挑战,认为国家不是一种恶而是一种合理的存在。但意大利四分五裂的局势加之诗人本身多舛的命运,使得他对当时意大利局势有清醒的认识。他认为之所以会出现四分五裂的局面,是由于教皇干涉造成的,所以他提倡政教分离的主张。他认为世俗国家的管理权直接来自上帝而不是来自教廷,所以管理世俗国家的权力是皇帝而不是教皇。教皇职责应该是在人们的信仰方面,引导人们走向那永恒的幸福。所以坚决反对教皇干涉政权。但丁的世俗国家的理想是建立一个世界性的帝国。但丁认为世界帝国的君主贪欲最少,因此能最能实现正义。虽然但丁的世界帝国具有某种不现实性,但是他的这种帝国却包含了很多近代国家的特征。首先,他强调法律法制的重要性,认为国家在法制的准绳下运行。其次,但丁认为和平尤为重要,结合自己的流放生涯,他认为人类只有在和平的环境下才能有所作为。最后,他提出了自由的重要性,人类只有处在自由中才更能发挥自己的智力和潜力。但丁的政教分离理论延续了最初的宗教改革家的步伐,世界帝国的理论虽然具有理想性,但却提出了近代国家政权的设想。从这一点来看我们也可以把把但丁看成一个新时代的政论家。
[Abstract]:Dante Aligierin (1265-1321) was a great national poet in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Born in decline aristocrat, in the process of political advocacy secular regime. He was later banished by the pope for political struggle. The main works include "Divine songs", "New Life", "Restaurant", "monarchy", "on the saying", the epistolary articles "to Prince Sgara" and famous narrative poems. His works and thoughts reflect the germination of humanism, affirm the life of the world, pay attention to the society and pursue the truth, and hope that Italy can be United peacefully under the monarchy. Engels called him "the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of the new era." Dante's monarchy is a book on political rule. Dante is not only a theoretical narrator, but also a political practitioner. The success and failure of the political arena and the vagrant life make his opinion of politics exceed the limitations of some times. This paper attempts to analyze Dante's political thought by analyzing Dante's life and works. Dante was influenced by both traditional Christianity and the germination of new ideas. In the concept of state Dante inherited and developed the concept of state of religious philosophers such as Aquinas and challenged the traditional view of state in the Middle Ages that the state is not an evil but a reasonable existence. But the splintered Italian situation and the poet's own ill-fated fate made him have a clear understanding of the Italian situation at that time. He advocated secularism because he believed the fragmentation was caused by papal intervention. He believed that the power of the secular state came directly from God, not from the Holy see, so it was the emperor, not the pope, who governed the secular state. The papal duty should be to guide people to eternal happiness in their faith. So it was firmly opposed to the pope's interference with the regime. Dante's secular ideal was to build a world empire. Dante believed that the monarch of the world empire had the least greed and was therefore the best able to achieve justice. Although Dante's world empire was somewhat unrealistic, it contained many of the characteristics of modern nations. First, he stressed the importance of the legal system and believed that the country operated under the rule of law. Second, Dante believes that peace is particularly important and, combined with his exile career, he believes that humanity can only make a difference in a peaceful environment. Finally, he pointed out the importance of freedom, in which human beings are better able to develop their intelligence and potential. Dante's theory of separation of state and religion continued the pace of the original religious reformers. Although the theory of the world empire was ideal, it put forward the idea of modern state power. From this point of view, we can also regard Dante as a new era of political theorists.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K546.3

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