石桥湛山的小日本主义

发布时间：2018-05-31 02:12

本文选题：小日本主义 + 石桥湛山　；参考：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：小日本主义和大日本主义是小国主义和大国主义在日本的具体化,“大国主”原名为“大国沙文主义”,是指在国际关系中,那些所谓的大国对弱小的国家所实施的侵略行为,如大国为了自身获得更大的利益,利用其丰富的资源、雄厚的经济及军事实力轻视、干涉、侵犯那些弱小国家的主权、领土及人民利益的行为皆可称为大国主义,具有浓厚的军事扩张、侵略色彩。而小国主义并无明确定义,大略包括如下内容:人民掌握国家主权,享有自由、平等的权利;与邻国和平相处,政治上谦和相待,不用军事力量解决国际间的矛盾等等。小日本主义是日本特定历史条件下的产物,有着悠久的历史,其主张作为反对帝国主义侵略的重要特征,在日本近代史上有着非常重要的地位。早在日本明治中期就能看到自由民权论者的小国主义思想;其后在日俄战争前后,在《平民新闻》上也能见到一些社会主义者的小国论;但是最有代表性的还是《东洋经济新报》一家的小日本主义论,其理论基础有着独特的、功利的经济合理主义的特征,尤其是作为集大成者石桥湛山的小日本主义更为突出。其思想形成路径与原因也是受多种因素影响的。幼年时日莲宗的熏陶、中学时期及其成年后西方哲学的影响、军队生活的磨炼、东洋经济新报社的记者经历等,分别从各个不同层面对石桥湛山的性格、人生观、价值观、战争观和国家观等给予了深刻的影响。而当时日本的自由民权运动、战争等种种社会因素,更加促进了石桥湛山小日本主义思想的形成。从1911年石桥湛山加入东洋经济新报社,以《东洋经济新报》为阵地先后发表多篇文章,明确举起小日本主义的旗帜。这个时期是小日本主义的第一个高潮期,同时也是小日本主义与大日本主义对立最为明显的时期。但石桥湛山的声音并没有阻挡军国主义者侵略的步伐。1932年,日本在长春扶植溥仪建立“伪满洲国”,中国东北沦为其殖民地;1937年,日本继续武力全面侵华;1940年缔结德、意、日三国同盟;1941年12月7日,日本偷袭珍珠港,日美开战。二战时期,日本的法西斯统治空前黑暗,政府对言论、思想自由的镇压非常严厉,举国一致的战争热,对此石桥湛山也不得不“对外”修正自己的言论,这时期石桥湛山对于大日本主义,军国法西斯主义等的反对是非常婉转而有策略的,隐藏了一战时期的锋芒和激烈的言辞,更多的从经济方面提出劝告或建设性的意见,选择了一让一进的前进方式。并且对于日本的侵略行为的既成事实给与了一定的承认,但这并不是彻底放弃了小日本主义思想,只是石桥湛山为躲避政治迫害的权宜之计,所以其让步、妥协中蕴含着维持现状,防止形势扩大、恶化的思想。并且其核心思想的根源仍是其小日本主义的主张。二战末期,随着日本在侵略战争中的节节败退和法西斯的消亡,小日本主义重新获得了生存的机会,并在二战结束后得到了很多日本人的认可。1945年8月15日,日本宣布投降。日本民众面对战败和美国的武装占领,社会意识再一次发生了转变。一时间自由主义思想的影响力与日俱增。而二战期间被迫沉默的石桥湛山也开始重整旗鼓,呼吁国民早日摆脱战败的影响,重振勇气,重建新的日本,再次发出小日本主义的声音。并且石桥湛山决心投身政界,亲身去实践小日本主义的政治模式。1946年5月,吉田茂第一次组阁时,接受鸠山的推荐,辞去东洋经济新报社社长一职,出任大藏大臣;1954年12月,出任鸠山内阁的通产大臣;1956年12月23日,石桥湛山在自民党总裁竞选中胜出,随即担任日本首相。从步入政界到离开政界的十二年间,无论是在面对战败问题还是日本的战后改革及重建问题上,石桥湛山都积极推行各种政策,努力实现其小日本主义思想。其后随着美、苏矛盾的加剧,国际上出现了东西两大阵营在政治和外交上的对立。面对此国际环境,石桥湛山的小日本主义在复苏的同时也注入了新的内涵:即为使日本摆脱美国的束缚,必须真正实现自主外交,增加日本在外交政策方面的回旋余地。其后石桥湛山提出《日中美苏和平同盟》构想,并且在退出政界的余生都在积极努力的推进这一和平思想的实现。综上,石桥湛山的小日本主义因其个人、社会因素和一战、二战及冷战的国际局势的变化经历了多次的转变,同时也在不断地注入新的内涵。概括石桥湛山的小日本主义就是:对内,提倡人民的自由与平等,反对专制,主张政党政治和普选权;对外,反对战争和侵略扩张,主张放弃一切殖民地、走和平外交及国际协调路线。而且其小日本主义思想有着自己独特的特征:一、功利主义色彩浓厚。二、坚持以个人为中心,重视个人的能动性和人类现实生活的实践性。三、其理论基础的运用上,始终在“欲望统一”的哲学基础上随着个人,环境等种种因素的改变不断的调整实现方法。小日本主义虽从未成为日本的立国之策,但二战后因为战败和美国的军事占领,却使得民众重新认识了小日本主义的正确与价值,并在日本的宪法制定、国家发展路线的转变及中日关系上都有很大的体现和影响,这也未尝不是日本面对战败和被占领的局势下,对于曾经一贯主张军事扩张、霸权主义的大日本主义路线的否定,也是对于战争的深刻反思。近年来日本政界接二连三提出破坏原有的和谐、和平的主张,尤其是安倍近期提出的“积极和平主义”外交等论调,无不染上似曾相识的“大日本主义”印迹。大日本主义乎?小日本主义乎?日本政府与国民是否又一次面临这一历史性的选择,可见石桥湛山的小日本主义主张中无论是内政还是外政对当时的日本乃至现今的日本及国际关系都有一定的指导价值及借鉴意义,值得去深入研究。
[Abstract]:The small Japanese doctrine and the great Japanese doctrine are the concretion of the small nationalism and the great power in Japan. The "big power owner" is originally called "the great power chauvinism". It refers to the aggressive behavior of the so-called big countries in the weak and small countries in the international relations, for example, the great powers have made use of their rich resources and rich resources for their own benefit. The behavior of the economic and military strength, interfering, violating the sovereignty, territory and people's interests of those small and weak countries can be known as big powers, with strong military expansion and aggressive colors. However, the small nationalism has no clear definition, including the following contents: the people have the right to master state sovereignty, enjoy freedom and equality; and peace with neighbouring countries. As a result of a long history, Japanese doctrine, as an important feature of anti imperialist aggression, has a very important position in the modern history of Japan. As early as the Meiji middle of Japan, it was able to see freedom. The small nationalist ideas of the civil rights theorists; then, before and after the Japanese Russian war, there are also a few Socialists' small nationalism in the "civilian news"; but the most representative is the small Japanese doctrine of the new eastern economic new newspaper. Its theoretical basis is characterized by unique and utilitarian economic rationalism, especially as an aggregation. Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine is more prominent. The path and causes of his thought are influenced by many factors. The influence of the lotus sect, the influence of the middle school and the Western Philosophy in the middle school, the training of the army life, the experience of the new newspaper in the East Asia, and so on, face Ishihashi Tanzan's character from different layers, respectively. The outlook on life, values, the view of war and the view of the country had a profound influence. At that time, various social factors such as the movement of freedom and civil rights, war and other social factors promoted the formation of Ishihashi Tanzan's little Japanese ideology. The first climax of the small Japanese doctrine was the first climax of the small Japanese doctrine. At the same time, it was the most obvious period of the antagonism between the small Japanese doctrine and the Japanese doctrine. But the voice of Shiqiao and Zhanshan did not obstruct the invasion of the militarists in.1932 years. Japan established the "pseudo Manchuria state" in Changchun, China, China, China. The Northeast became its colony; in 1937, Japan continued to invade China by force in an all-round way; in 1940 it concluded Germany, Italy, Japan and the Three Kingdoms; in December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Japan and the United States opened war. During the Second World War, Japan's fascist rule was unparalleled. The government's repression of speech, freedom of thought was very severe, and the war of the nation was unconformed, and Ishihashi Tanzan also In this period, the opposition of Shiqiao and Zhan Shan to the great Japanese doctrine, the military state fascism and so on was very tactful and tactful. It hides the front and fierce words of the first World War, and puts forward more advices or constructive opinions from the economic aspect, and chooses the way of advance. It also gave a certain recognition to the facts of the Japanese aggression, but it did not give up the thought of the small Japanese doctrine. It was only the expedient plan to avoid the political persecution. Therefore, the compromise contained the thought of maintaining the present situation and preventing the situation from expanding and deteriorating. And the root of its core thought is still its root. At the end of World War II, with the defeat of Japan in the war of aggression and the disappearance of fascist, the small Japanese doctrine regained the opportunity to survive, and was recognized by many Japanese after the end of World War II.1945, in August 15th, the Japanese declared surrender. Japan was faced with the defeat of the war and the armed occupation of the United States. Consciousness has changed again. The influence of the thought of liberalism is increasing. And Ishihashi Tanzan, who was forced to be silent during the Second World War, began to reunite, calling on the people to get rid of the influence of the defeat, to revive the courage, to rebuild the new Japan, and to reissue the voice of the small Japanese. To practice the political model of the small Japanese doctrine, in May.1946, when Yoshida Shige first set up a cabinet, he accepted Yukio's recommendation, resigned as president of the Dongyang new economic news agency, served as the Secretary of the Tibetan minister; in December 1954, served as the Secretary of the Secretary of the Yukio cabinet; in December 23, 1956, Ishihashi Tanzan won the election of the president of the Liberal Democratic Party and immediately served as Prime Minister of Japan. In the twelve years from entering politics to leaving politics, whether in the face of the problem of defeat or the post-war reform and reconstruction of Japan, Ishihashi Tanzan has actively pursued various policies to achieve its small Japanese ideology. Then, with the intensification of the contradictions between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two big camps in the world appeared in the political and diplomatic relations. In the face of this international environment, Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine, at the same time, has also injected new connotations in the recovery. In order to get Japan out of the bondage of the United States, it must truly realize its own diplomacy and increase the scope of Japan's foreign policy. All the rest of our lives are trying to promote the realization of this peaceful thought. To sum up, Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine has undergone many changes because of its personal, social factors, the World War I, World War II and the cold war, and also constantly inject new connotation. It is a summary of the small Japanese doctrine of Shi Hashi Tanzan: to the inside, to advocate the people. Freedom and equality, opposing autocracy, advocating political party politics and universal suffrage; foreign, opposing war and aggression expansion, advocating abandoning all colonies, taking peace diplomacy and international coordination line. And its small Japanese ideology has its own unique characteristics: first, utilitarianism. Two, insisting on individual centered and paying attention to individual ability Three, on the basis of its theoretical basis, its theoretical basis has always been adjusted and realized on the basis of the philosophy of "the unity of desire", with the changes of individual and environmental factors. Although the small Japanese doctrine has never become the policy of Japan, the two after the war was defeated by the war and the military occupation of the United States. The people rerecognized the correctness and value of the small Japanese doctrine, and in the constitution of Japan, the transformation of the national development line and the Sino Japanese relations, it is not the Japanese line of Japan, which has consistently advocated the expansion of military affairs and hegemonism in the face of the situation of defeat and occupation. It is also a profound reflection on the war. In recent years, Japan's political circles have put forward a series of proposals to destroy the original harmony and peace, especially the "positive pacifism" diplomacy proposed by Andouble in the near future. Whether to face this historical choice again, it can be seen that Ishihashi Tanzan's small Japanese doctrine, whether internal or external, has a certain guiding value and reference significance to Japan and international relations at that time and even today. It is worth studying deeply.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K313

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