论印度被英国殖民征服的内在原因

发布时间：2018-06-01 13:07

本文选题：印度 + 殖民征服　；参考：《广西师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 印度是一个具有悠久历史的文明古国,对世界文明的发展贡献卓著。然而,在近代,随着新航路的开辟和欧洲殖民活动的开展,西方殖民势力开始进入印度。在最初的近两个半世纪里,西方殖民势力仅仅盘踞在沿海地带的少数据点里,很难为所欲为。但在18世纪后期和19世纪前期的短短数十年间,整个印度次大陆都落到英国的统治之下。究其原因发人深思。本文仅从印度自身的角度来探讨导致其被殖民征服的原因。一般认为资本主义的对外殖民扩张政策是其外在原因、莫卧儿帝国的衰落是其内在原因。但是,把两个国家作为对等的历史主体,首先从两国实力消长变化的对比上分析原因,会更具说服力。17世纪至18世纪中期,莫卧儿王朝的实力与英国相比,差距并不很大。这主要表现在:随着商品经济发展和资本主义萌芽,印度不少工业部门的工艺水平超过英国;在两国的贸易中,印度处于出超地位;在生产力发展和人均收入方面,差距尚不显著。因此,这一时期,英国在印度次大陆主要是谋取自由经商和贸易特权等商业利益以及取得小块居留地。然而,两个国家在社会发展潜力上存在着很大的内在差异性,这包括社会结构的差异性、中央政权强弱的差异性、市场需求的差异性以及土地所有制的不同。由于以上差异,英国社会具有极大的发展潜力,率先进行了资产阶级革命和工业革命,实力迅猛增长,一跃成为世界强国。而印度资本主义萌芽举步维艰,经济发展受到种种制约,且长期战乱、分裂割据更削弱了印度的实力。在18世纪中期以后,英印实力对比发生了实质变化。英国对印度则采取了“分化瓦解、各个击破”的策略达到征服印度的目的。这就注定了印度被征服的命运。莫卧儿帝国的衰落为英国的殖民征服提供契机。莫卧儿帝国的衰落主要由以下原因造成。第一,日趋衰落的莫卧儿朝廷缺乏凝聚力。这主要表现在:商品经济的发展、大量金银的流入,极大刺激了封建主的贪欲和奢侈腐化,导致了军事采邑制度的崩溃,从根本上动摇了莫卧儿帝国的经济基础。皇室内部的帝位之争,严重削弱了皇室的势力。莫卧儿中央与各地封建主的矛盾不断加深,封建分离倾向越来越严重。第二,莫儿帝国内外政策的重大失误加速其衰败进程。对内,莫卧儿朝廷歧视非穆斯林、迫害非逊尼派的穆斯林,激起了各方面的强烈反对,破坏了印度的稳定和统一。为解决军事采邑制度的危机,穷兵黩武、内战频仍。奥朗则布的宗教迫害和战争政策,未能达到预期目的,却促成经济进一步衰落,军事组织崩溃,进一步激化了印穆矛盾。其次,莫卧儿王朝对外妥协退让,给予东印度公司自由贸易、货物免税、建立永久性商埠、内河通行以及收税、铸币、驻兵、领事裁判等种种特权,使英国殖民势力渗透到莫卧儿帝国的财政、军事、司法等领域。第三,两次来自西北的外族入侵,特别是第三次帕尼帕特战役,加速了摇摇欲坠的莫卧儿帝国的瓦解,破灭了马拉塔取代莫卧儿、重建印度帝国的希望,更便利了英国殖民者在孟加拉地区确立殖民统治。在英国进行军事征服的过程中,印度王公之间的权力与利益之争制约了联合抗英。那时,印度各王公,还没有形成统一的民族意识、没有认识到英国殖民者是他们共同的敌人,而仅把它看作印度诸多邦国之一。印度各王公一方面为了扩张领地互相敌视、不断征战;另一方面,他们往往与英结盟、借英伐邻。印度王公的利己主义使他们政治上鼠目寸光,很难实现真正的联合抵抗。东印度公司也成功地利用了各王公间的矛盾,分化瓦解,阻止联合,并唆使他们相互厮杀。这在南印地区的马拉塔联盟、迈索尔和海德拉巴之间以及马拉塔联盟内部最为典型。在这同时,为了保住其既得利益或获取更多利益,各土邦王国的内部上层集团,完全置民族、国家的利益而不顾,在面临英国军事征服时,不光彩地充当了殖民者的内应。这常常使英军在危机时刻化险为夷、不断取胜,从而不断拓展征服区域,并最终完成了对次大陆的征服。以上主要从印度政治上层的角度,分析了导致印度被殖民征服的内在直接原因。然而,印度社会具有其独特的社会特征,即村社、种姓、宗教矛盾交织在一起,形成了印度社会的封闭、滞后以及穆斯林和印度教徒的对立、种姓与种姓的对立,导致了印度深陷于政治上分裂、经济上停滞、精神上麻木的状态,这是印度沦为英国殖民地的内在根本原因。总之,印度之所以被英国征服,就莫卧儿王朝本身而言,经济发展的相对落后和封建分裂性,使十八世纪印度的实力急剧下降,显得极为脆弱,极易受到攻击而缺乏自卫能力。印度社会固有的内在对立性、排斥性和隔离性,却是招致莫卧儿帝国灭亡和印度最终被殖民征服的深层原因。
[Abstract]:India, an ancient civilization with a long history, has made great contributions to the development of world civilization. However, in modern times, with the opening of the new route and the development of the European colonialism, the Western colonial forces began to enter India. In the first 2.5 centuries, the Western colonial power was only difficult to entrenched in the minority strongholds of the coastal zone. But in the short decades of the late eighteenth Century and the early nineteenth Century, the whole India subcontinent fell under the rule of the British. The reason for it was deep thought. This article only explored the causes of its colonial conquest from the perspective of India itself.
It is generally believed that the policy of the foreign colonial expansion of capitalism is the external reason, and the decline of the moghal empire is the intrinsic reason. However, it will be more convincing to analyze the reasons of the two countries as the reciprocal historical subject, first of all, from the period of.17 to the mid eighteenth Century, and the strength of the moghal Dynasty and the UK. In contrast, the gap is not very large. This is mainly manifested in: with the development of the commodity economy and the germination of capitalism, the technological level of many industrial sectors in India exceeds that of the UK; in the trade of the two countries, India is in a super position; the gap is not significant in the development of productivity and per capita income. Therefore, this period Britain is mainly in the India subcontinent. It is to seek commercial interests such as free business and trade privileges and to obtain small residence. However, there are great internal differences in the social development potential of the two countries, including the differences in social structure, the difference of the strength of the central government, the difference of market demand and the difference of land ownership. The nation's society has great potential for development, taking the lead in the bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, the rapid growth of strength and a leap into a great power in the world. But the sprout of capitalism in India is difficult and the economic development has been restricted, and the separatist separations weaken the strength of India. After the mid eighteenth Century, the strength of Britain and India is compared. There had been a substantial change. Britain adopted a "disintegrated, broken" strategy for India to achieve the goal of conquering India, which was doomed to the conquest of India.
The decline of the moghal Empire provides an opportunity for the British colonial conquest. The decline of the moghal empire is mainly caused by the following reasons. First, the declining moghal court lacks cohesion. This is mainly manifested in the development of the commodity economy, the influx of a large number of gold and silver, which greatly stimulates the greed and extravagant corruption of the owners of the building, leading to the military fief. The collapse of the system has fundamentally shaken the economic basis of the moghal empire. The imperial dispute in the royal family has seriously weakened the imperial power. The contradiction between the central moghal central and the feudal lords is deepening and the feudal separation tendency is becoming more and more serious. Second, the major errors in the policy of the moer Empire and the empires have accelerated its decline. The court had discriminated against non muslims and persecuted the non Sunni Muslims, provoked strong opposition from all aspects and destroyed the stability and unity of India. In order to solve the crisis of the military fief system, the poor soldiers and the civil war were frequent. Then, the moghal Dynasty gave the East India Company free trade, the goods duty-free, the establishment of a permanent commercial port, the passage of the inland river and the tax collection, the seigniorage, the garrison, the consular referee and other privileges, which made the British colonies infiltrate the Mughal Empire's financial, military, judicial and other fields. The three, two foreign invasions from the northwest, especially the third battles of piadat, accelerated the collapse of the crumbling moghal Empire, disillusioned the hopes of the replacement of mughata and rebuilt the India Empire, and facilitated the establishment of colonial rule by British colonists in Bangladesh.
In the process of military conquest in Britain, the power and interest dispute between the princes of India restricted the joint resistance to Britain. At that time, the princes of India had not yet formed a unified national consciousness, did not realize that the British colonists were their common enemies, but only regarded it as one of the many States of India. On the one hand, the princes of India expanded to expand. On the other hand, the egoism of India Wang's egoism, on the other hand, makes them political and difficult to achieve a real joint resistance. The East India Company has also successfully used the contradictions among the princes, disintegrated and prevented the union, and instigated them to fight each other. This is in South India. The marata Union in the region, between Mysore and Hyderabad, and the union of the marata is the most typical. At the same time, in order to preserve its vested interests or gain more benefits, the inner supergroup of the state Kingdom, who completely disregards the interests of the nation, and the national interests, disgracely acts as the colonist in the face of the British military conquest. It often causes the British army to overcome danger and win in times of crisis, thus expanding the conquest area and completing the conquest of the subcontinent.
From the angle of India's political upper level, the above analyses the internal and direct causes that lead to the colonial conquest of India. However, the India society has its unique social characteristics, namely, the village society, the caste and the religious contradictions, which form the closure of the India society, the lag of the Muslim and the India believers, and the antagonism of the caste and the caste, It led to India's deep political division, economic stagnation and mental numbness. This is the fundamental reason why India became a British colony.
In a word, India was conquered by the British, as far as the moghal Dynasty itself was concerned, the relative backwardness of the economic development and the feudalism of the feudal society made the strength of the eighteenth Century India decline sharply, which seemed extremely fragile, vulnerable to attack and lack of self-defense. The inherent in India Society was the antagonism, repellency and isolation, but it caused mogul. The underlying causes of the demise of Empire and the ultimate colonial conquest of India.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K351

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