美国公共信息委员会对华宣传研究（1918-1919）

发布时间：2018-06-03 00:58

本文选题：一战 + 宣传　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：一战爆发之后,各主要参战国家为了整合战争资源同时打击敌方民众意志而展开了“宣传战”,对国内、敌对国、中立国以及殖民地展开宣传活动。美国卷入大战之后,在威尔逊的授意下也成立了公共信息委员会以总理美国战时宣传事务。当时中国虽国力不济,不能直接影响大战的走向,但因其庞大的市场利益空间以及丰富的自然资源亦成为各国争相宣传的对象。在此大的环境下,英国垄断了向中国发送信息的电缆,日本在宣传中借助于英日同盟也加大了对中国的宣传力度,而参战后的美国在中国的宣传却受到英日的压制。为了改善因《蓝辛—石井》协定带来的负面影响,同时宣传美国的战争目的和威尔逊战后的世界秩序,1918年9月公共信息委员会在中国设立了分部,由卡尔·克劳领导。卡尔·克劳的任命并非毫无依据。出生于密苏里州的克劳拥有新闻学的专业知识和工作经验,又曾经在中国工作、游历,对于中国有一定的了解。另外,他在中国有着丰富的人脉:既与当时中国政府官员保持来往,又是“密苏里新闻帮”这一远东新闻团体的核心人员,再者,在华密苏里人分布广泛,且从事职业各不相同。以上这些对于克劳的宣传而言都是重要的中间媒介。公共信息委员会在华分部的宣传活动以宣传美国战争目标、威尔逊战后世界秩序的理念为重要内容,同时向中国全面介绍美国国内民众的生活方式,最大限度地彰显美国在大战中发挥的作用。克劳采用的宣传手段亦是另辟蹊径,通过教会学校、邮政系统、多国公司等途径尽可能的扩大受众面积。同时,通过中美新闻社这一机构,克劳借助中国业已发展的报社体系,为中国报社廉价提供有关美国国内外的信息。随着宣传活动的深入发展,中国民众,特别是知识分子阶层对于美国的认识不断深化;对于美国参与战争目的、威尔逊战后世界秩序的安排的认知也在不断加深。以上的诸多变化都与美国公共信息委员会的对华宣传密切相关。公共信息委员会在中国的宣传活动既反映了当时列强之间貌合神离的竞争态势,同时也凸显了宣传的作用。在该机构的宣传下,中国民众对于美国国家性质的认知发生了变化:从传统意义上的列强转变为新秩序的倡导者,国家形象得到了改善;中国民众在对美国的认知广度和深度方面都有明显提升;美国总统威尔逊也成为了中国家喻户晓的第一位美国总统。更为重要的是,威尔逊提出的“民族自决”等理念极大的影响了中国民众,中国知识分子阶层对于大战的诉求也因此发生了转变。
[Abstract]:After the outbreak of the first World War, the major participating countries launched a propaganda war to integrate war resources and attack the will of the enemy people, and carried out propaganda activities to the domestic, hostile, neutral and colonial countries. After the United States was involved in the war, Wilson also established the Public Information Commission to promote American wartime propaganda. At that time, although China's national strength was weak, it could not directly affect the trend of the war, but because of its huge market interest space and abundant natural resources, it also became the object of propaganda all over the world. In this big environment, Britain monopolized the cable of sending information to China, Japan increased its propaganda to China with the help of the alliance of Britain and Japan, but the propaganda of the United States in China after joining the war was suppressed by Britain and Japan. In order to improve the negative effects caused by the "Lansian-Ishii" Agreement, and to publicize the American war objectives and Wilson's post-war world order, the Public Information Committee established a branch in China in September 1918, headed by Carl Crowe. Carl Crowe's appointment was not groundless. Born in Missouri, Crowe has professional knowledge and experience in journalism, has worked and traveled in China, and has a good understanding of China. In addition, he has a rich network in China: he maintained contacts with officials of the Chinese government at that time, was also the core member of the "Missouri News Gang", a far Eastern news organization. Moreover, the Missouri people were widely distributed in China. And engaged in different occupations. All of this is an important medium for Crowe's propaganda. The publicity activities of the China branch of the Public Information Commission focused on publicizing the objectives of the US war and Wilson's idea of the post-war world order. At the same time, it comprehensively introduced to China the way of life of the American people in the United States. To the greatest extent possible, the United States played a role in the war. Crowe is also using a different approach, through church schools, the postal system, multinational companies and other channels to expand the audience as much as possible. At the same time, with the help of China's developed newspaper system, Crowe provided cheap information about the United States and abroad to Chinese newspapers through the Sino-American news agency. With the further development of propaganda activities, the Chinese people, especially the intellectuals, have deepened their understanding of the United States and the arrangement of Wilson's post-war world order for the purpose of American participation in the war. Many of the above changes are closely related to the publicity of the US Public Information Commission to China. The publicity activities of the Public Information Commission in China not only reflect the competition between the powers at that time, but also highlight the role of propaganda. Under the propaganda of the organization, the Chinese people's perception of the national character of the United States has changed: from the traditional sense of the great powers to the advocates of a new order, the image of the country has been improved; Chinese people have seen a marked increase in the breadth and depth of their understanding of the United States, and President Wilson has become the first U.S. president to be a household name in China. More importantly, Wilson's idea of "national self-determination" greatly influenced the Chinese people, and the demands of the Chinese intellectuals for the war also changed.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.5;K258

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