法国大革命初期的共和主义思想及其政治实践（1789—1794年）

发布时间：2018-06-04 09:29

本文选题：法国大革命 + 共和主义　；参考：《华东师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 革命和共和,似乎未必有着必然的联系。因为前者代表着暴力,而后者则意味着政治力量的平衡和寻求共同利益的意愿。而在法兰西,这两者是紧密地结合在一起的。法国大革命意味着和旧时代的终结和新时代的开始,其中思想领域中的变革显得尤为意义深远,其在具体实践中的能量也被发挥到极致。在法国大革命开始的五年中,共和主义的力量由弱而强,逐渐成为主流的思想。共和主义在执政的派别应对不断变化的国内外局势过程中起到重要作用,与此同时,人们也开始接受这种政治理念。在权力危机时刻,也只有共和主义的利刃才能割开当时政治上的死结。与此同时,在革命进程中,革命者也赋予了共和主义不同的意义,导致了其内涵的一次次转变,最终见证了王权的倾覆。本文分为四章。第一章追溯了法国共和主义的起源。一般认为,法国共和主义的起源可以追溯到古代希腊、罗马时期。早期的思想家们从探寻理想政体的角度对共和主义原则进行了阐释,提出了建立“共和政体”,注重权力之间的均分与平衡,提倡公民的美德。这一理论传统在中世纪的城市国家中达到实践的顶峰,并在近代的理论和实践中得到继承和发扬。特别是美国的共和主义实践,给了法国深刻的启示。第二章主要叙述了法国共和主义的诞生。法国共和主义的真正起源可以认为是从启蒙运动开始的。面对当时法国的国情,启蒙思想家们对旧制度进行了无情的抨击,提出了某些改变法国面貌的主张。思想家们在继承了前人精神、理论遗产的基础上,结合法国的国情,主张建立一个共和国。大革命爆发之后,人们对共和主义的认识日渐深入,瓦伦事件之后,共和主义在法国兴起,民众对君主极为失望,迫切要求建立一个共和国。第三章分析了在革命的背景下,法国共和主义思想的继承和转变。法国大革命初期的共和主义并不是不成不变的。在君主立宪派执政时期,共和主义开始发展,性质属于比较温和的。在法兰西第一共和国建立之后,共和主义从温和逐渐走向激进。到山岳派执政时期,共和主义完全偏离了它原来的方向,走向超激进。第四章总结了法国大革命初期共和主义的成就和不足。法国大革命五年之后,政治家们坚定了共和主义理想,民众也接受了共和主义思想。这五年中,共和主义原则得到确立,并形成了制订宪法的传统。同时,在实践中也有不足之处,比如权力关系的混乱、公民权利的受限等等。这些都是值得后人去总结经验教训的。
[Abstract]:Revolution and republic, do not seem to have an inevitable link. The former represents violence, while the latter implies a balance of political power and a willingness to seek common interests. In France, the two are inextricably linked. The French Revolution means the end of the old era and the beginning of the new era. In the five years since the beginning of the French Revolution, the power of republicanism has gradually become the mainstream of thought. Republicanism plays an important role in dealing with the changing situation at home and abroad by the ruling faction, and at the same time, people begin to accept this political idea. In times of power crisis, only the blade of republicanism can open the political knot of that time. At the same time, in the process of revolution, revolutionaries also gave different meaning to republicanism, which led to the change of its connotation and finally witnessed the fall of Wang Quan. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter traces the origin of French republicanism. It is generally believed that the origin of French republicanism dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. The early thinkers explained the principle of republicanism from the angle of exploring the ideal regime, put forward the establishment of "Republican regime", paid attention to the equalization and balance of power, and advocated the virtue of citizens. This theoretical tradition reached the peak of practice in medieval urban countries and was inherited and carried forward in modern theory and practice. In particular, the practice of republicanism in the United States has given France profound enlightenment. The second chapter mainly narrates the birth of French republicanism. The real origin of French republicanism can be regarded as the beginning of the Enlightenment. Faced with the national conditions of France at that time, enlightenment thinkers attacked the old system mercilessly and put forward some ideas to change the face of France. On the basis of inheriting the spirit of forefathers and theoretical heritage, the thinkers advocated the establishment of a republic in combination with the national conditions of France. After the outbreak of the Great Revolution, people's understanding of republicanism gradually deepened. After the Wallen incident, republicanism rose in France, and the people were extremely disappointed with the monarch and urgently demanded the establishment of a republic. The third chapter analyzes the inheritance and transformation of French Republican thought under the background of revolution. Republicanism in the early days of the French Revolution was not inflexible. In the constitutional monarchy period, republicanism began to develop, the nature of a more moderate. After the establishment of the French first Republic, republicanism gradually moved from moderation to radicalism. By the time the mountain school came to power, republicanism had completely deviated from its original direction to ultra-radical. Chapter four summarizes the achievements and shortcomings of republicanism in the early period of the French Revolution. Five years after the French Revolution, politicians hardened the idea of republicanism and the populace accepted it. During these five years, the principle of republicanism was established and the tradition of constitution was formed. At the same time, there are some shortcomings in practice, such as the confusion of power relations, the restriction of civil rights and so on. These are worthy of future generations to sum up experience and lessons.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K565.4

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