试析英国《1844年铁路法案》的背景及其影响

发布时间：2018-06-05 01:48

本文选题：《1844年铁路法案》 + 格莱斯顿　；参考：《首都师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 《1844年铁路法案》是时任英国贸易大臣的格莱斯顿颁布的一项铁路规范法案,法案旨在遏制19世纪40年代铁路私人建设的无序状态,并试图在一定年限之后将铁路收归国有。但由于当时英国特殊的政治经济背景,格莱斯顿被迫对法案作出巨大修改,修改后的法案虽然没有达到预期铁路国有的目标,但仍具有积极重要的影响。全文共分三章: 第一章主要介绍《1844年铁路法案》颁布的背景,即英国早期铁路发展中出现的问题以及国家作出的相应规范。由于英国早期铁路建设缺乏国家统一的计划和规范,而利润丰厚的铁路运输又吸引着众多投资者的视线,这就导致了私人盲目建设,从而引发诸如重复建设、资源浪费等问题。政府为了切实解决这些问题,颁布西摩尔条例以及格莱斯顿补充条例进行规范,但并未彻底解决问题,为《1844年铁路法案》的颁布埋下伏笔。第二章主要论述了《1844年铁路法案》出台的艰难过程。1844年初英国出现铁路建设狂潮的端倪,为了避免由此引发的系列问题,格莱斯顿向议会提交了《1844年铁路法案》。法案中,格莱斯顿提议在一定期限后由国家出资购买私人铁路,一劳永逸的解决私人铁路建设存在的诸多问题,同时提出开设“三等列车”等重要提议。针对法案的铁路国有化条款,大多议员以违反自由主义传统为由提出激烈反对,强大压力之下,格莱斯顿被迫对法案作出修改,严格的购买细则被删除,从而使英国失去一次铁路国有化的机会。第三章探讨了格莱斯顿被迫对《1844年铁路法案》作出修改的原因及法案影响。格莱斯顿提出的国家购买私人铁路计划,之所以在议会讨论中招致激烈反对,与当时英国的政治、经济背景有着极大关系。由于修改后的《1844年铁路法案》放松了对私人铁路的限制,没能抑制即将出现的铁路盲目建设,从而引发了1847年后整个社会的经济萧条,但是格莱斯顿的高瞻远瞩仍旧为一个世纪之后英国铁路的国有化提供了借鉴,而法案中开通“三等列车”的相关条款也切实解决了贫民出行问题,对人们的日常生活产生重要影响。
[Abstract]:The <1844 railway bill was a railway code bill issued by Gladstone, the former British trade minister, which aims to curb the disordered state of private railway construction in 1840s and try to nationalize the railway after a certain number of years. But Gladstone was forced to make the bill because of the special political economic background of Britain at that time. Although the revised and revised bill failed to achieve the goal of railway ownership, it still had a positive and important impact. The full text is divided into three chapters:
The first chapter mainly introduces the background of the promulgation of the railway bill in <1844, the problems arising in the development of the early railway in the UK and the corresponding norms made by the state. Because of the lack of national unified plans and norms in the construction of early railway construction in Britain, the lucrative railway transport has attracted many investors' attention, which leads to a private blindness. In order to solve these problems, the government has promulgated the Western Moore regulations and the Gladstone supplemental regulations to regulate them, but it did not solve the problem thoroughly, and laid the groundwork for the promulgation of the railway act of <1844.
The second chapter mainly discusses the difficult process of the railway act of <1844 in the beginning of the difficult process of the introduction of the railway construction frenzy in the UK at the beginning of.1844. In order to avoid the series of problems arising from this, Gladstone submitted to the parliament the <1844 railway bill more than. In the act, Gladstone proposed that a private railway should be purchased by the state after a certain period of time. At the same time, many problems existed in the construction of private railway construction. At the same time, some important proposals such as "three train" were put forward. In accordance with the railway nationalization clause of the bill, most members put forward fierce opposition to the liberalism tradition. Under the strong pressure, Gladstone was forced to amend the bill and the strict rules of purchase were deleted. And Britain lost a chance of nationalization of the railway.
The third chapter discussed the reasons for Gladstone's forced revision of the <1844 Railway Act and the influence of the bill. Gladstone proposed a national plan to buy private railways, which led to fierce opposition from the parliamentary discussion, which was greatly related to the political and economic background of Britain at that time. As a result of the revised <1844 Railway Act, it was relaxed. The restrictions on Private Railways did not inhibit the forthcoming construction of the railway, which led to the economic depression of the whole society after 1847, but Gladstone's vision still provided a reference for the nationalization of the British Railway in a century, and the provisions of the "three train" in the bill also effectively solved the poor. Travel problems have an important impact on people's daily life.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D956.1;K561

【共引文献】