英国中亚政策的演变（1856－1914）

发布时间：2018-06-06 04:17

本文选题：英国 + 中亚　；参考：《广西师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 对英国而言,近代中亚无疑是一个巨大的诱惑。中亚毗邻英属印度,控制中亚既可巩固英国在印度的殖民统治,又可扩大英国在亚洲的商品市场和投资场所。英国在中亚扩张的强大对手是俄国。从克里米亚战争结束到第一次世界大战爆发,英国和俄国争夺中亚的“大角逐”从未间断过。英国的中亚政策很大程度上是针对俄国的政策。英国的中亚政策随着国内外形势的发展变化而变化。本文将英国中亚政策的演变分为四个阶段: 1856-1874年为第一阶段,英国政府实施的是谨慎推进的“精明无为”政策。克里米亚战争后,因为俄国外交重心从西方转向东方,积极向中亚推进,英国的中亚政策面临更多阻力和挑战。1857—1859年印度民族大起义使英国政府心有余悸。尽管英国国内有人主张积极的“前进”政策,但自由党政府还是选择了谨慎的“精明无为”政策。该政策主要体现在三个方面:第一,英印政府与阿富汗签订了一系列条约,加强了对阿富汗的政治渗透。第二,主动与俄国达成谅解,特别是与俄国达成了1873年协议。第三,日益加强对印度各土邦的控制,以防止俄国从中亚对印度进行渗透。 1874-1882年为第二阶段,英国政府实施积极争夺的“向前挺进”政策。“精明无为”政策客观上有利于俄国完成对中亚的征服。1874年保守党上台后改变了英国的中亚政策,实行积极争夺的“向前挺进”政策。该政策主要体现在:一、发动第二次阿富汗战争,武力争夺阿富汗。二、征剿印度西北边境独立部族。三、从政治、经济、文化等方面全方位争夺中亚。“前进”政策将英俄争夺中亚的“大角逐”推向高潮。1882-1907年是第三阶段,英国政府实施与俄国相互勾结的“联手瓜分”政策。在资本主义列强掀起瓜分狂潮、对中亚的争夺大局已定的背景下,英国政府与俄国携手划定阿富汗边界,非法私分了帕米尔地区,瓜分了在波斯的势力范围。联手瓜分政策是国际形势发生重大改变的结果。 1907-1914年是第四阶段,英国政府实施的是讨价还价的“有效占领”政策。这里的讨价还价主要围绕着1907年《英俄协约》展开。英国国内对《英俄协约》展开了激烈的争论。波斯革命期间,英俄两国暗自较真,但为了维护《英俄协约》,英国容忍了俄国对波斯的大规模入侵,而自己加强了在波斯南部渗透和扩张,特别是对波斯石油的掠夺。阿富汗在英俄眼中显得桀骜不驯,英国企图重塑在阿富汗的权威。英俄两国还在中国西藏勾心斗角。然而第一次世界大战的爆发使《英俄协约》突然终结。
[Abstract]:For Britain, modern Central Asia is undoubtedly a great temptation. Central Asia is adjacent to British India. Controlling Central Asia can not only consolidate British colonial rule in India, but also expand British commodity markets and investment sites in Asia. Britain's strong rival to its expansion in Central Asia is Russia. From the end of the Crimean War to the outbreak of World War I, Britain and Russia have never stopped competing for Central Asia. British policy in Central Asia is largely directed at Russia. British Central Asia policy changes with the development of the situation at home and abroad. This paper divides the evolution of British Central Asia policy into four stages: In the first phase, 1856-1874, the British government pursued a prudent policy of "shrewdness". After the Crimean War, because Russia's diplomatic center of gravity shifted from the west to the east and pushed forward to Central Asia, British policy in Central Asia faced more resistance and challenge. Although some in Britain advocate aggressive "forward" policies, the Liberal government has opted for a cautious "shrewd" policy. This policy is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the British and Indian governments signed a series of treaties with Afghanistan, which strengthened political infiltration into Afghanistan. Secondly, he reached an understanding with Russia, especially the 1873 agreement with Russia. Third, increasing control over the Indian states to prevent Russia from infiltrating India from Central Asia. In the second stage, 1874-1882, the British government carried out the aggressive policy of "advance". After the Conservative Party came to power in 1874, it changed the British policy of Central Asia and carried out the policy of "advancing forward" actively. This policy is mainly reflected in: first, launching the second Afghan War and fighting for Afghanistan by force. Second, enlist and suppress independent tribes on the northwestern border of India. Third, from the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the fight for Central Asia. The "advance" policy pushed the Great Competition between Britain and Russia for Central Asia to a climax. 1882-1907 was the third stage, and the British government carried out the policy of "joint partition" in collusion with Russia. Under the background that the capitalist powers set off a frenzy of partition and scramble for the overall situation of Central Asia, the British government and Russia worked together to delimit the border of Afghanistan, illegally and privately divided the Pamir region and the sphere of influence in Persia. The policy of joint partition is the result of major changes in the international situation. In 1907-1914, the fourth stage, the British government carried out a bargaining "effective occupation" policy. The bargaining here revolved around the 1907 British and Russian Compact. There was a heated debate about the British and Russian Pact in Britain. During the Persian Revolution, Britain and Russia secretly took things seriously, but in order to maintain the Treaty of Britain and Russia, Britain tolerated the Russian invasion of Persia on a large scale, and strengthened its infiltration and expansion in the south of Persia, especially the plunder of Persian oil. Afghanistan is recalcitrant in the eyes of Britain and Russia, and Britain is trying to restore its authority in Afghanistan. Britain and Russia are still fighting in Tibet, China. However, the outbreak of World War I brought the Anglo-Russian Compact to a sudden end.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K561

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