极权主义独裁在西欧兴起的脉络

发布时间：2018-07-01 11:44

本文选题：西欧 + 极权主义　；参考：《华中师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 第一次世界大战后，极权主义独裁出现于西欧。极权主义独裁的出现与法国大革命以后欧洲长期的现代化进程和独裁政治演变过程相联系，是西欧宏观历史背景与各国特殊环境相结合的产物。19世纪现代君主独裁制的发展、在19世纪末和20世纪初的危机下兴起的极端思潮和反民主理论、以及第一次世界大战的灾难性影响，是导致极权主义独裁出现的关键因素。法国大革命后，传统的君主专制逐渐衰落。在现代化潮流的影响下，现代君主独裁逐渐成为西欧主流的政治体制。现代君主独裁开辟了独裁政权与现代化相结合的道路：一方面，现代君主独裁政权承担了推动工业化的任务；另一方面，它在一定程度上采用了现代技术手段和现代政治理念作为统治基础。极权主义独裁将这条道路走到了极端。 19世纪末和20世纪初，快速却不平衡的现代化进程带来了一系列的冲突与矛盾。西欧的独裁国家，以及此时尚不够成熟的代议民主制国家都陷入到一定的危机中，作为对危机的极端反应的新独裁势力就出现在政治舞台。这些独裁势力主要是极端民族主义者，他们反对民主政治，试图在严密的独裁体制下实现民族主义目标。这种新独裁主义思想成为极权主义独裁理念的雏形。第一次世界大战中的战时集权体制是国家全面控制社会的首次尝试。战争动摇了西欧政治稳定的基础，冲击了自由和民主的思想文化基础，消除了极权主义独裁兴起的障碍。战后的西欧，大众政治进一步发展，经济危机和政治混乱不断，，为极权主义运动创造了合适的政治、社会环境。在这样的历史背景下，意大利和德国的极权主义组织发挥自身相对于保守主义势力的优势，利用混乱的经济、社会秩序，成功地建立了极权主义独裁。大致上可以说，极权主义独裁是在现代化进程中的长期危机和短期危机的刺激下，兴起于中下层社会阶级的极端民族主义对危机的极端反应。极权主义独裁是西欧现代化进程中最恶劣的副产品。
[Abstract]:After World War I, totalitarian autocracy emerged in Western Europe. The emergence of totalitarian dictatorship is related to the long process of modernization and the evolution of autocratic politics in Europe after the French Revolution. It is the product of the combination of the macroscopical historical background of Western Europe and the special environment of various countries. The extreme trend of thought and anti-democracy theory which arose in the crisis of the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, as well as the disastrous influence of the first World War, are the key factors leading to the emergence of totalitarian dictatorship. After the French Revolution, the traditional autocratic monarchy gradually declined. Under the influence of modernization trend, modern monarchical dictatorship has gradually become the mainstream political system in Western Europe. The modern monarchical dictatorship has opened the way for the combination of dictatorship and modernization: on the one hand, the modern monarchical dictatorship has assumed the task of promoting industrialization; on the other hand, To a certain extent, it adopts modern technical means and modern political ideas as the ruling basis. Totalitarian autocracy took this path to the extreme. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the rapid but unbalanced process of modernization led to a series of conflicts and contradictions. The autocratic states of Western Europe and the immature representative democracies are in a certain crisis. As an extreme reaction to the crisis, the new autocratic forces appear on the political stage. These autocrats are mainly ultranationalists who oppose democracy and try to achieve nationalist goals under a tight dictatorship. This kind of new autocracy thought becomes the embryonic form of totalitarianism dictatorship idea. The wartime centralization system in World War I was the first attempt by the state to control the society. The war shook the foundation of political stability in Western Europe, impacted the ideological and cultural foundation of freedom and democracy, and eliminated the obstacles to the rise of totalitarian dictatorship. After the war, the further development of popular politics, economic crisis and political chaos created a suitable political and social environment for the totalitarian movement. In this historical background, the totalitarian organizations in Italy and Germany have successfully established totalitarianism dictatorship by taking advantage of their own advantages over the conservative forces and utilizing the chaotic economic and social order. It can be said that totalitarian dictatorship is the extreme reaction to the crisis by the ultranationalism rising from the middle and lower social classes under the stimulation of the long-term and short-term crises in the process of modernization. Totalitarian dictatorship is the worst byproduct of the modernization process in Western Europe.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K56

【参考文献】