德川时代社会结构及思想变迁

发布时间：2018-07-03 11:44

本文选题：德川 + 时代　；参考：《吉林大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：日本受西方现代化冲击波的影响，1868年幕府政权被推翻，宣告了现代化根本改革阶段的到来。为什么日本能够卷入现代化浪潮之中，并成为西方现代化主流之外的成功范例？在非西方国家中，日本的成功并不能归因于人们所想象的日本人所具有的某种神秘的模仿能力，而要归因于为日后发展奠定了基础的前现代时期中的某些因素。换言之，进入现代社会之前的德川时代，是否存在着发展现代化的有利条件呢？因此本文将日本德川时代作为分析对象，结合马克思主义经典理论所提倡的社会结构理论，考察德川时代社会结构及思想的变迁。通过对德川时代领主经济向市场经济的转变、身份等级制的松动、幕藩体制的调整与政治、经济及社会思想发展轨迹等方面的描述与梳理，分析德川时代社会结构及思想变迁的动力、影响与结果，发掘德川时代孕含着哪些日本发展现代化的有利条件，从而探寻日本走向现代化的基础。本文第一章从商品经济的发展、对外贸易的增长以及全国市场的建立等几个方面梳理德川时代社会经济结构的变化。德川时代是日本封建统治的最后阶段，它以封建小农经济为基础，实行封建领主经济制度。德川幕府继承了丰臣秀吉的检地与兵农分离政策，确立了农民对土地的占有权，使农村中的基本生产关系成为领主对农民直接的剥削关系。在经济分配关系中，德川幕府实行“石高分封制”，将军把土地分封给大名（领主），大名要承担对将军的政治与军事义务。领主们对土地实施管理职能，收取土地的产出—石高。德川前期，封建领主经济的发展中已经孕含着大量的商品经济成分。随着农业生产力的提高，领主收取石高贡租并将其兑换成货币以满足财政 WP=64 和生活需要，他们要求农民种植棉花、烟草、油菜籽等经济作物，因而使农业生产日益商品化，手工业也发展起来。德川幕府实行三币制度，统一了度量衡。这个时期人口快速增长，土地得到开垦，城市日益繁荣，全国交通网络也建立起来，尽管实施闭关锁国政策，但对外贸易仍然在增长。随着商品生产、流通的扩大，生产地域性分工的加强，商品经济呈现为无可争议的增长趋势，17世纪末以大阪为中心的全国市场建立起来，不可避免地使领主经济向市场经济转变。本文第二章着眼于商品经济发展而引起的社会关系领域内的变化。社会分配领域内出现了新矛盾，新的社会经济组织和商业豪门活跃于经济生活当中，从而引起身份等级结构的变化。德川时代社会等级结构主要表现为士、农、工、商构成的身份等级制度。武士属于统治阶层，他们拥有很多特权，可以担任官职、受领俸禄，绝对服从权威。农民是被统治阶层的重要组成部分，农民中的“本百姓”必须向领主缴纳地租，构成领主的权力基础。町人乃工商业阶层，集中于城下町，专门从事工商业活动。町人在身份等级制度中所处的位置是四民之末，他们在经济生活中是专为领主阶层服务的附庸。除了四民之外，还包括社会最底层无任何政治权利的贱民。在日本，身份有着极其重要的意义。人们以忠诚为纽带结成范围大小不同的集体，并必须对自身所属的集体作出承诺，因此身份等级制度规范着社会人群的组织方式。随着商品经济的发展，引发了社会分配结构内的新矛盾，武士日趋贫困，而町人财富却日益增长。由于町人在经济活动中积累了大量财富，他们开始从事信贷业，并建立起带有早期垄断性质的经济组织—批发商公会，成为商业豪门。这些变化导致德川时代固有的身份等级制度发生松动， WP=65 武士町人化与町人武士化现象出现，养子制度日益盛行加剧了武士阶层的流动性；商品经济渗入农村导致土地所有关系发生变化，农村中出现了地主阶层，农民身份发生了两极分化。许多农民参与商品生产，迁移到城镇而成为手工业者或者商人，农村的家庭结构也在发生变化。因此社会各阶层的流动性增强。本文第三章主要考察了德川时代武家政治的特征，分析幕藩体制下政权组织形式的结构性矛盾，这个矛盾导致幕藩体制必须进行社会改革和调整。日本的幕藩体制是武家政治之大成。将军对土地拥有最终领有权，实行集权与分权相结合的政治制度，以不可逾越的身份等级制度规范社会组织，并采取闭关自守的外交政策。将军通过领地分封掌控全国的政治、经济和军事权力，对国家进行集权统治。各个领受封地的大名在自己的藩国内则享有最高君主权。德川中后期商品经济的发展，，引发了幕府和各藩的财政危机，而当时社会思想的传播则引起了价值取向的变化，导致这种集权与分权相结合的政权组织形式也产生了矛盾，促使幕府统治者必须对社会进行调整。1716-1845年间共进行了三次社会改革，即享保改革（1716-1735）、宽政改革（1789-1800）和天保改革（1830-1845），但是除享保改革取得一些比较积极的成效外，其他两次改革均以失败告终。幕藩体制正在走向历史的尽头。本文第四章关注的是政治、经济以及宗教、伦理思想的变迁，从中追寻它们对传统的继承与超越，以及对社会政治、经济理性化的规范作用。德川时代的社会价值观集中体现在这个时期的政治、经济和宗教、伦理观念之中。儒学东传日本后发生分解，使德川时代成为思想汇聚的渊薮， WP=66 朱子学、阳明学、
[Abstract]:Japan, influenced by the shock wave of western modernization, was overthrown in the shogunate regime in 1868, announces the arrival of the fundamental reform stage of modernization. Why can Japan be involved in the tide of modernization and become a successful example of the mainstream of western modernization? In non western countries, Japan's success is not attributable to the imagined Japan. People have some kind of mysterious ability to imitate, but it is attributable to some factors in the pre modern period that laid the foundation for the future development. In other words, is there a favorable condition for the development of modernization in the Tokchon era before entering modern society? Therefore, this paper takes the era of Tokchon in Japan as an object of analysis, and combines Marx's doctrine. The social structure theory advocated by the classical theory examines the changes in the social structure and thought of the times of Tokchon. It describes and combs the social structure of the times of Tokchon through the description and combing of the transformation of the Lord's economy in the times of Tokchon to the market economy, the loosening of the system of identity, the adjustment of the vassal vassal system and the development of the political, economic and social thoughts. And the impetus of the change of thought, the influence and the result, and discover the favorable conditions for the development and modernization of Japan in the age of Tokchon, so as to explore the basis of Japan's modernization.
The first chapter reviews the changes in the social and economic structure of Tokchon in terms of the development of commodity economy, the growth of foreign trade and the establishment of the national market.
The age of Tokchon was the last stage of the feudal rule of Japan. It was based on the feudal smallholder economy and carried out the feudal lord's economic system. Tokugawa Shogunate inherited the policy of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's separation of land from the peasants and peasants, established the peasants' right to occupy the land, and made the basic production in the countryside a direct exploitation relationship between the peasants and the peasants. In the relationship of economic distribution, Tokugawa Shogunate carried out the system of "Shi Gao division". The general closed the land to the name of the big name (the Lord). The name of the general was to bear the political and military obligations to the general. The Lords carried out the management functions of the land and collected the output of the land.
In the early period of Tokchon, the economic development of the feudal lords had already contained a large number of commodity economic components. With the increase of agricultural productivity, the Lord collected the rents of Shi Gao Gong and converted them into money to meet the finance.
WP=64
And living needs, they asked farmers to grow cotton, tobacco, rapeseed and other cash crops, thus making agricultural production more and more commercialized and handicraft industry developing.
The Tokugawa Shogunate system carried out the three currency system and unified the measure and balance. This period of rapid population growth, land reclamation, urban prosperity, and the establishment of the national traffic network. Despite the implementation of the policy of closing the country, the foreign trade is still growing. With the production of commodities, the expansion of circulation and the strengthening of the regional division of labor, the commodity economy presents. For the indisputable growth trend, the establishment of the national market centered on Osaka in the late seventeenth Century inevitably led to the transformation of the Lord economy to a market economy.
The second chapter of this article focuses on the changes in the social relations caused by the development of commodity economy. There are new contradictions in the field of social distribution, and the new social and economic organizations and business men are active in the economic life, thus causing the change of the identity hierarchy.
The hierarchical structure of the social hierarchy in the times of Tokchon is mainly represented by the rank system of men, farmers, workers and merchants. The warriors belong to the ruling class. They have a lot of privileges, they can serve as official posts, receive salaries, and obey the authority absolutely. The peasants are an important part of the ruling class. The "people" among the peasants must pay the land rent to the Lord, and constitute the collar. The power base of the master. Macho is a business class, concentrated in the city of CHO, specializing in industrial and commercial activities. The position of macho in the status hierarchy is the end of the four people. In their economic life, they are the appendages for the service of the Lords. Besides the four people, they also include the base of the lowest political rights of the society.
In Japan, identity is of great significance. People form a group of different sizes with loyalty as a bond, and must make a commitment to their own collective, so the identity hierarchy regulates the organization of the social crowd.
With the development of commodity economy, new contradictions have emerged in the social distribution structure, and the warriors are getting poorer.
Because of the accumulation of wealth in the economic activities, they began to engage in the credit industry and set up an early monopoly of economic organizations - wholesalers and merchants. These changes have led to the loosening of the inherent hierarchy of the Tokchon era.
WP=65
The emergence of the personalization of warrior macho and the phenomenon of macho warriors, the growing popularity of the foster child system aggravated the mobility of the warrior class; the infiltration of commodity economy into the countryside led to the change of all land relations, the landlord stratum in the countryside, and the polarization of the farmers' identity. Many farmers participated in the production of goods and migrated to the towns and became Handworkers. Or businessmen, the rural family structure is also changing, so the mobility of all sectors of society is enhanced.
The third chapter of this article mainly examines the characteristics of the politics of the Wu family in Tokchon, and analyzes the structural contradictions of the form of the political organization under the curtain of the vassal vassal system, which leads to the social reform and adjustment of the curtain vassal system.
Japan's vassal vassal system is the big formation of the Wu family politics. The general has the ultimate possession of the land, the political system combining centralization and decentralization, the insuperable identity hierarchy system to standardize the social organization, and adopt the closed diplomatic policy.
The generals managed to control the country's political, economic and military power through their territory and dominated the country. The names of all the feudal names enjoyed the highest sovereign power in their own vassal vassals. The development of the commodity economy in the middle and late period of Tokchon caused the financial crisis of the shogunate and the vassal vassals, and the spread of social thought at that time caused the value. The change that led to the combination of power and decentralization resulted in a contradiction, and the rulers of the shogunate had to adjust the society for a total of three social reforms in the.1716-1845 years, namely, the reform of enjoyment (1716-1735), the reform of the broad government (1789-1800) and the reform of the Tianbao (1830-1845). In addition to the positive results, the other two reforms ended in failure.
The fourth chapter of this article is concerned with the change of politics, economy, religion, and ethical thought, from which they pursue their inheritance and transcendence to the tradition, as well as the normative function of social politics and economic rationalization.
The social values of the times of Tokchon were concentrated on the political, economic, religious and ethical concepts of this period. After the Confucianism was passed to Japan, the age of Tokchon became the source of the gathering of ideas.
WP=66
Zhu Zixue, the study of Yangming,
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K313

【引证文献】