俄国城市自治改革研究（1862-1905）

发布时间：2018-07-07 07:01

本文选题：俄国 + 城市自治　；参考：《广西师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 俄国城市自治有着独特的历史传统,历史上俄国历代沙皇的改革事业都涉及到城市管理的改革。19世纪60年代亚历山大二世的改革开启了城市自治发展的新阶段,它既是俄国城市自治传统的继续和发展,也是俄国现代化过程中城市行政管理制度的一次重要探索。这次改革是在废除农奴制和工业化的大背景下进行的。从沙皇政府的角度来看,城市自治改革就是要适应工业化所带来的行政管理日益复杂化的要求,把政府没有精力处理的一部分事务交给城市社会管理。同时,将因改革而遭受利益损失的贵族的注意力引向城市,减少废除农奴制在俄国社会引起的震荡。而对于城市自治机构中的自由派活动家而言,城市自治是实现他们立宪民主要求的一个台阶。因此,在改革的整个过程中,始终存在着自由派活动家追求社会原则和沙皇、大贵族维护国家原则两种改革倾向的斗争。亚历山大二世时期,改革取得了一定的成就,但到了亚历山大三世时期,出现了对改革的反动,改革陷入了困境,社会也处于沉默。沙皇政府在城市自治改革中遇到的各种问题,其根源在于俄国社会本身的不成熟性。按照西欧国家的经验,城市自治是以发达的市民社会为依托,而这种条件直到沙皇俄国覆灭也不曾具备。因此,也就预先决定了俄国城市自治改革的道路必然是曲折的。由于改革是沙皇自上而下进行的,不可能按照自由派活动家的要求对社会进行变革,因此改革很不彻底,其存在的矛盾和问题也一直没有解决。尽管如此,城市自治改革对俄国的社会生活和政治生活均产生了重大影响。城市社会管理机关所做的基础性工作对俄国城市建设、社会福利、文化教育的进步以及医疗卫生条件的改善有重要意义。此外,改革提高了俄国公众参与城市事务的意识,赋予民众参与城市管理的权利,激活了俄国社会的政治生活,促使俄国不断朝公民社会发展。正文分为五个部分进行论述：第一部分,对“城市自治”的基本概念进行分析,并且介绍了改革中的分权与集权原则。本文认为,集权原则是贯穿俄国城市自治改革始终的基本准则。第二部分,对19世纪60年代城市自治改革的准备情况进行论述,主要阐述了俄国历史上城市自治的传统以及城市自治改革的内在动力和改革的准备情况。本文认为,俄国城市自治改革与其本身的民族文化传统以及社会经济发展状况之间存在着内在的联系。第三部分,系统阐述了19世纪60年代至1892年反改革的《城市条例》实施前的情况,通过对1870年《城市条例》及其实施结果的分析,我们可以看到城市社会管理机关享有的自治权是非常有限的,仅限于经济领域；真正参与到城市社会管理事务中的人在城市居民中所占比例非常低；由于在社会管理机关中居于领导地位的商人等级政治积极性不高,因此,这一时期,城市杜马的政治活动主要体现在一些政治性的声明上。第四部分,分析了1892年至1905年的俄国城市改革情况。这一时期,由于亚历山大三世推行反改革的政策,城市自治的权限进一步受到限制,城市社会管理机关成了政府行政机关的附属机构,其成员成了国家行政官员；与此同时,随着城市资本主义的发展、地方自治人士思想激进化的影响以及革命形势的发展促使城市社会管理人员政治觉悟不断提高,强烈要求打破现有管理体制的束缚。共同的斗争需要,最终在1905年前后催生了一个统一的资产阶级。从此,俄国城市社会管理机关的政治斗争水平上升到一个新的台阶。19世纪末,政府认识到1892年《城市条例》并不完善,因此对1892年《城市条例》进行了部分修订。第五部分,对18621905年俄国城市自治改革的历史地位进行评价。本文认为,俄国城市自治改革虽然具有一定的局限性,但仍然取得了一系列成就,它是俄国社会管理的一次重要尝试和探索。城市社会管理机关的政治活动推动了俄国由封建君主制向君主立宪制的转变。
[Abstract]:The Russian city self - government has a unique historical tradition . The reform of the Czar in the history of Russia has involved the reform of city management . In the 1960s , the reform of Alexander II opened the new stage of the development of urban autonomy , which is both the continuation and development of the Russian city self - government tradition and an important exploration of the city administration management system in the process of the modernization of Russia .

The reform has been carried out in the context of the abolition of agricultural slavery and industrialization . From the perspective of the Czar ' s government , the reform of urban autonomy is to adapt to the increasing complexity of the administrative management brought by industrialization .

According to the experience of Western European countries , the city autonomy is based on the developed civil society , and the condition is not available until the Czar Russia has been destroyed . Therefore , it is inevitable that the reform of the Russian city ' s self - government reform is inevitable . As the reform is carried out by the czar himself , it is impossible to change the society according to the demands of the liberal activist . Therefore , the reform is very incomplete . The contradictions and problems that exist in the reform have not been solved .

Nevertheless , the reform of city autonomy has great influence on Russia ' s social life and political life . The basic work done by the city ' s social administrative organ is of great significance to the improvement of Russia ' s urban construction , social welfare , cultural education and the improvement of health conditions .

In the first part , the basic concept of " city autonomy " is analyzed , and the principle of decentralization and centralization in the reform is introduced .

In the second part , the author discusses the preparation of urban autonomy reform in the 1960s , mainly expounds the tradition of urban autonomy in Russia ' s history as well as the internal power of urban autonomy reform and the preparation of the reform . In this paper , there is an inherent link between the reform of Russian city autonomy and its own national cultural tradition and the social and economic development .

In the third part , the system expounds the pre - implementation of the reform of the urban regulations in the 1960s and 1892 . Through the analysis of the urban regulations of 1870 and the results of its implementation , we can see that the right of autonomy enjoyed by the urban social management organs is very limited , which is limited to the economic sphere ;
The proportion of people who truly participate in urban social management affairs is very low among the urban residents ;
As a result of the low level of political enthusiasm among the leading businessmen in the social administration , the political activities of the city Dumas are mainly reflected in some political statements .

In the fourth part , the reform of the Russian cities between 1892 and 1905 was analyzed . Since Alexander III introduced the anti - reform policy , the authority of the city autonomy was further restricted , and the administrative organ of the city became the subsidiary organ of the government administrative organ , and its members became the national administrative officials ;
At the same time , with the development of the urban capitalism , the influence of the radicalization of local self - government and the development of the revolutionary situation have prompted the political awakening of the urban social management personnel to improve and urge to break the shackles of the existing management system .

In the fifth part , the historical status of Russia ' s urban autonomy reform in 18621905 is evaluated . This paper holds that the Russian urban autonomy reform has some limitations , but still has achieved a series of achievements , it is an important attempt and exploration of the Russian social management . The political activities of the city social management organ have promoted the transformation of Russia from the feudal monarchy to the monarchy .
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K561.4

【参考文献】