游戏与法国11-17世纪的社会演变

发布时间：2018-07-09 17:22

本文选题：游戏 + 中世纪　；参考：《浙江大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：游戏在中世纪(至近代早期)法国人的生活中所占的地位远比现代社会重要得多,历史文献、游戏与节庆的特殊联系、人们在游戏中的投入程度,都表明他们对游戏拥有远超过现代人的热情。不仅如此,当时不论阶级、性别、年龄,所有人都经常在一起玩同样的游戏,或在同一游戏中扮演不同的角色,身份的差异并不会导致游戏的方式和趣味出现本质的区别。同时,教士和贵族即使在玩今天看来很粗俗的游戏时,他们也不需要避开普通民众的目光。总之,阶级、性别、年龄的差异并没有造成游戏文化上的隔阂。我们可以说,中世纪法国人的生活世界里有一个游戏的“共同体”①,它是早期社会所特有的文化“共同体”的一个组成部分。这是中世纪特殊的生活环境所决定的。中世纪法国的“共同体”游戏文化,实质上是在一个充满了各种实际或想象、自然或超自然的危险的世界里谋求生存的体系。在支离破碎的教会和国家都无力提供有效的保护的情况下,人们必须紧紧依赖身边的群体才能谋求生存,因而主要以城镇或自然村落划分的社群或共同体,就成了人们最首要的存在方式。共同体需要某种特殊的纽带来驱逐人们共同面临的危险,同时凝聚所有人的力量共渡难关、维持群体的生存。游戏就是这样的一个纽带,这就赋予了中世纪的游戏不同于今日的两种至关重要的特殊功能：作为驱逐恐惧和寻求神灵保护的宗教仪式,和作为社群自治和自我管理的手段。游戏社团在其中扮演着十分突出的角色。在中世纪晚期,随着社会环境发生巨大的变化,游戏也开始发生根本性的变化。首先是游戏的世俗化,表现为信仰“纯化”(即清除宗教生活中不符合正统基督教信仰的东西)运动导致游戏逐渐丧失了原有的宗教功能,并造成愚人节和狂欢节先后衰落。其次是游戏的文明化,包括暴力的减退、规则的明晰化、讲究对身体姿态的优雅控制和贵族游戏的封闭化等方面。游戏的上述演变主要发生在社会的中上层,这就导致中世纪所有人共享同一种文化的游戏“共同体”发生解体,使游戏出现了阶层、地域、年龄甚至性别的分化。游戏不再起到凝聚社群团结的作用。在近代早期社会重构的过程中,上层社会的游戏积极地向新兴的绝对国家靠拢,继承了中世纪传统的大众阶层的游戏则变成了野蛮、粗俗、无序甚至异教习俗的代名词,成为被改革和压制的对象。传统游戏文化所固有的社群自治功能,则使压制大众的游戏文化与绝对主义的进程发生了重要的联系。与此同时,王权也有意识地把游戏当成宣扬绝对主义意识形态的控制臣民思想的工具。总之,随着游戏的伦理发生近代化的演变,传统的游戏“共同体”时代所特有的自然的和谐已经一去不复返。
[Abstract]:The game played a much more important role in French life in the Middle Ages (up to the early modern times) than in modern society, historical literature, the special connection between the game and the festival, the degree of people's investment in the game, Both show that they have far more enthusiasm for games than modern people do. Moreover, at that time, regardless of class, sex, age, all people often play the same game together, or play different roles in the same game, identity differences do not lead to a fundamental difference in the way and interest of the game. At the same time, priests and aristocrats do not need to avoid the eyes of ordinary people even when they play games that today seem vulgar. In short, differences in class, sex, and age do not create cultural barriers to play. We can say that in the medieval French life world there was a game of "Community", which was a part of the cultural "Community" peculiar to the early society. This was determined by the special environment of life in the Middle Ages. The "Community" game culture of medieval France is essentially a system of survival in a world full of practical or imaginary, natural or supernatural dangers. Where neither the broken churches nor the State can afford effective protection, communities or communities that depend heavily on the groups around them to survive, and thus are divided primarily by towns or natural villages, It has become the most important way to exist. The community needs a special bond to banish the common dangers that people face, and to unite the strength of all people to tide over the difficulties and maintain the survival of the group. The game is one such bond, giving medieval games two vital special functions different from today's: as religious rituals that drive fear and seek divine protection, and as a means of community autonomy and self-management. The game community plays a prominent role in it. In the late Middle Ages, with the great changes in the social environment, the game began to undergo fundamental changes. The first is the secularization of the game, which is manifested in the purifications of belief (that is, the removal of things that are not in accordance with the orthodox Christian belief) in religious life, which leads to the gradual loss of the original religious function of the game and the decline of April Fool's Day and Carnival successively. Secondly, the game is civilized, including the decline of violence, the clarity of rules, the elegant control of body posture and the closure of aristocratic games. The above evolution of the game mainly took place in the upper and middle classes of society, which led to the disintegration of the game "community" in which all people shared the same culture in the Middle Ages, resulting in the division of the class, region, age and even gender of the game. The game no longer serves to unite the community. In the process of social reconstruction in the early modern times, the game of the upper class actively drew closer to the new absolute state, and the game that inherited the medieval tradition of the mass class became a synonym for barbarism, vulgarity, disorder and even pagan customs. To be the object of reform and suppression. The traditional game culture has the inherent function of community autonomy, which makes the game culture of suppressing the masses and the process of absolutism have an important connection. At the same time, Wang Quan consciously used games as a tool for controlling subjects' thinking by promoting absolutism. In short, with the modern evolution of game ethics, the natural harmony characteristic of the traditional game "community" era has gone forever.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K565.3

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