美国对法国发展核武器计划的情报评估及对策（1946-1974）
发布时间：2018-07-21 14:42
【摘要】： 战后,鉴于发展原子能的重要性,法国于1945年10月18成立了原子能委员会,致力于科学、工业和国防领域的原子能研究。至此,拉开了战后法国原子能发展的序幕,并进一步走上了发展独立核力量的道路,且与美国在核控制与反控制的较量中一直保持着强硬的态度,直至1974年法国才正式宣布停止在大气层进行核试验。殊不知,法国原子能发展的一举一动,皆在美国的密切关注之中。 解密文件显示,自1946年起,美国便开始积极刺探和搜集法国发展核武器计划的情报,就美国而言,“不管是敌是友,任何有意发展核武器的国家都成为美国监视的对象”。战后初期,法国原子能研究的兴起与发展遂即成为美国最初关注的目标。美国认为,在经过几年的基础研究之后,法国业已拥有支持其核武器项目的足够的自然资源、设备以及研究和开发人员,有能力发展核武器;法国发展核武器计划是美国关注的焦点,经过不懈的努力,法国逐渐形成了一支“三位一体”的、独立而有限的战略威慑力量;确保核垄断地位及其在西方联盟内部的统治权威是美国制定对法核政策的出发点,阻止法国发展核力量是美国的一贯方针。在阻止未果的前提下,美国转而力图控制法国核力量,以期淡化其核武器的独立性。霸道的核政策必然遭致法国的坚决抵抗,为最大限度地将法国团结在美国周围,有效缓解美法矛盾,美国不得不做出某种妥协,在秘密的前提下与法国进行单向性的核技术合作,帮助法国发展核武器。 总的来说,美国对法国发展核武器计划的情报评估,起始时间早,历时长,涉及面广,涵盖了法国核武器研发的各个方面,汇集了美国中央情报局、太平洋司令部等多家机构情报部门的共同努力,并曾一度使用U-2飞机等较为先进的情报搜集工具与手段。从其评估结果来看,虽稍有出入,但总体而言,还是颇为准确而及时,为美国制定对法政策,提供了有利的参考。从美法关系的沉浮中,我们不难看出,国家利益仍是主导各国各项政策的实质性因素,同时,也是影响国与国之间关系的决定性因素,任何所谓的友好同盟只是以共同利益为切合点所形成的暂时利益同盟,并非是牢不可破的。
[Abstract]:After the war, in view of the importance of the development of atomic energy, France established the Atomic Energy Commission on October 18, 1945 to study atomic energy in the fields of science, industry and defence. At this point, it opened the prelude to the development of nuclear energy in France after the war, and further embarked on the road of developing independent nuclear forces, and has always maintained a strong attitude against the United States in the contest between nuclear control and anti-control. It was not until 1974 that France officially declared a moratorium on nuclear testing in the atmosphere. However, the French atomic energy development in every move, in the United States close attention. The declassified documents show that since 1946, the United States has been actively spying and collecting intelligence on France's nuclear weapons development.As far as the United States is concerned, "any country that intends to develop nuclear weapons, whether it is an enemy or a friend, has become the object of US surveillance." In the early postwar period, the rise and development of atomic energy research in France became the initial concern of the United States. The United States believes that, after several years of basic research, France already has sufficient natural resources, equipment and research and development personnel to support its nuclear weapons programme and is capable of developing nuclear weapons; The development of nuclear weapons in France is the focus of attention of the United States. Through unremitting efforts, France has gradually formed a "trinity", independent and limited strategic deterrence; To ensure the nuclear monopoly and its ruling authority within the western alliance is the starting point for the United States to formulate its nuclear policy towards France, and it is the consistent policy of the United States to prevent France from developing its nuclear forces. With no success, the United States sought to rein in French nuclear forces in an attempt to dilute its nuclear independence. The hegemonic nuclear policy is bound to be met with resolute resistance from France. In order to unite France to the maximum extent around the United States and to effectively alleviate the contradiction between the United States and France, the United States has to make some kind of compromise. Cooperation with France on nuclear technology in a secret way to help France develop nuclear weapons. In general, the United States' intelligence assessment of France's nuclear weapons development programme was initiated early, with a long history, covering a wide range of aspects of French nuclear weapons development, and bringing together the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The joint efforts of the Pacific Command and other agencies and intelligence departments, and the use of U-2 aircraft and other more advanced intelligence gathering tools and means. Judging from its evaluation results, although slightly different, overall, it is quite accurate and timely, which provides a favorable reference for the United States to formulate its policy on France. From the ups and downs of US-France relations, it is not difficult to see that national interests are still the substantive factors that dominate the policies of various countries, and at the same time, they are also the decisive factors affecting the relations between countries. Any so-called alliance of friendship is only a temporary alliance of interests based on the common good, not unbreakable.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K153
[Abstract]:After the war, in view of the importance of the development of atomic energy, France established the Atomic Energy Commission on October 18, 1945 to study atomic energy in the fields of science, industry and defence. At this point, it opened the prelude to the development of nuclear energy in France after the war, and further embarked on the road of developing independent nuclear forces, and has always maintained a strong attitude against the United States in the contest between nuclear control and anti-control. It was not until 1974 that France officially declared a moratorium on nuclear testing in the atmosphere. However, the French atomic energy development in every move, in the United States close attention. The declassified documents show that since 1946, the United States has been actively spying and collecting intelligence on France's nuclear weapons development.As far as the United States is concerned, "any country that intends to develop nuclear weapons, whether it is an enemy or a friend, has become the object of US surveillance." In the early postwar period, the rise and development of atomic energy research in France became the initial concern of the United States. The United States believes that, after several years of basic research, France already has sufficient natural resources, equipment and research and development personnel to support its nuclear weapons programme and is capable of developing nuclear weapons; The development of nuclear weapons in France is the focus of attention of the United States. Through unremitting efforts, France has gradually formed a "trinity", independent and limited strategic deterrence; To ensure the nuclear monopoly and its ruling authority within the western alliance is the starting point for the United States to formulate its nuclear policy towards France, and it is the consistent policy of the United States to prevent France from developing its nuclear forces. With no success, the United States sought to rein in French nuclear forces in an attempt to dilute its nuclear independence. The hegemonic nuclear policy is bound to be met with resolute resistance from France. In order to unite France to the maximum extent around the United States and to effectively alleviate the contradiction between the United States and France, the United States has to make some kind of compromise. Cooperation with France on nuclear technology in a secret way to help France develop nuclear weapons. In general, the United States' intelligence assessment of France's nuclear weapons development programme was initiated early, with a long history, covering a wide range of aspects of French nuclear weapons development, and bringing together the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The joint efforts of the Pacific Command and other agencies and intelligence departments, and the use of U-2 aircraft and other more advanced intelligence gathering tools and means. Judging from its evaluation results, although slightly different, overall, it is quite accurate and timely, which provides a favorable reference for the United States to formulate its policy on France. From the ups and downs of US-France relations, it is not difficult to see that national interests are still the substantive factors that dominate the policies of various countries, and at the same time, they are also the decisive factors affecting the relations between countries. Any so-called alliance of friendship is only a temporary alliance of interests based on the common good, not unbreakable.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K153
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