19世纪末20世纪初美国的安置所运动
发布时间：2018-08-10 20:13
【摘要】：19世纪末20世纪初,美国垄断资本主义迅猛发展。经济和军事实力的增强使其迅速成长为世界头号资本主义国家。但这一时期也是美国的转型期,世纪之交,美国正由农业社会向工业社会过度,由自由资本主义向垄断资本主义转变。伴随着一系列的巨变,美国产生了严重的社会问题。如：移民的大批涌入导致文化隔阂,市政的腐败管理导致环境恶劣,贫穷和拥挤导致道德败坏,法律的缺失导致市场混乱……面对沉重的社会问题,一批中产阶级知识分子为构建合理的国家秩序、维持公平正义发起了数场改革运动。安置所运动就是其中的一项重要改革。运动的领导者多是出身良好、接受过高等教育的中产阶级知识女性,她们针对城市贫民窟拥挤破败、穷人没有生活保障和子女缺乏教育的状况,于其中建立安置所,发扬人道主义精神,为贫民提供救助,并通过发起社会改革为其争取权利。安置所运动对美国社会产生了积极的影响,研究这场运动的兴起、发展与衰落有助于我们更深入地了解美国的民间救助方式和改革轨迹。 本篇论文共分为四部分：绪论、正文、结语和参考文献。正文分为三个章节。 第一章论述了安置所运动发生的时代背景。19世纪末20世纪初,美国经济迅猛发展,第二次科技革命直接推动了其工业化和城市化的进程,一种新的社会形态已经展现。但此时也是美国社会的转型期,大批外国移民的涌入造成了城市的拥挤和文化的隔阂,贫富的巨大悬殊和腐败的市政管理令整个社会矛盾重重。一批有识之士开始反思并发起社会变革。第二章论述了安置所运动的兴起。这场运动起源于英国,之后在美国发展壮大,运动的领导人在美国的大城市建立了许多具有代表性的安置所。这些安置所为贫民提供各种救助,从普及教育、开办幼儿园到实用技能的培训。第三章论述了安置所运动的发展与衰落。随着形势的需要,运动的范围扩大到推进制度的变革,从改善住房状况到保护移民与黑人,从为民众争取娱乐场地到保护女工童工,20世纪初,这场运动最终达到顶点。一战的爆发转移了美国大部分的精力和财力,安置所运动也因此受到挫败。战后,美国国内环境的重大变化让这场运动不可避免的走向衰落。 结论：安置所运动是美国近代社会改革的重要组成部分。它不仅以一种新的救助模式帮助了穷人,改变了一批年轻人的思想观,更坚定了公众与社会不公斗争到底的决心。最后,它的许多救助方法和思路值得我们借鉴。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K712.5
本文编号：2176073
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, American monopoly capitalism developed rapidly. The increase in economic and military power has made it the world's number one capitalist country. But this period is also the transition period of the United States. At the turn of the century, the United States is changing from agricultural society to industrial society, from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism. With a series of great changes, the United States has created serious social problems. For example, the influx of immigrants led to cultural barriers, municipal corruption led to poor conditions, poverty and congestion led to moral deterioration, lack of laws led to market chaos. Faced with the heavy social problems, a group of middle-class intellectuals launched several reform movements in order to build a reasonable national order and maintain fairness and justice. The resettlement movement is one of the important reforms. Most of the movement was led by educated middle-class women of good origin and higher education who set up settlements in response to the urban slums, the poor's lack of security of living and the lack of education for their children. Promote the spirit of humanitarianism, provide relief to the poor and fight for their rights through social reform. The resettlement movement has a positive impact on American society. The study of the rise, development and decline of this movement is helpful for us to understand more deeply the American folk relief methods and the reform track. This thesis is divided into four parts: introduction, text, conclusion and references. The text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the resettlement movement. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the American economy developed rapidly, the second scientific and technological revolution directly promoted its industrialization and urbanization process, a new social form has been displayed. But this time is also the transformation of American society, the influx of a large number of foreign immigrants caused urban congestion and cultural barriers, the huge gap between the rich and the poor and corrupt municipal administration make the whole society full of contradictions. A group of people of insight began to reflect and initiate social change. The second chapter discusses the rise of resettlement movement. The movement originated in England and then expanded in the United States, with its leaders setting up representative settlements in large American cities. These settlements provide assistance to the poor, from universal education, kindergarten to practical skills training. The third chapter discusses the development and decline of resettlement. With the need of the situation, the scope of the movement expanded to promote the reform of the system, from the improvement of housing conditions to the protection of immigrants and blacks, from the struggle for entertainment for the public to protect the child workers of female workers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the movement finally reached its peak. The outbreak of World War I diverted much of America's energy and financial resources, and the settlement movement was thwarted. After the war, major changes in the US domestic environment led to the inevitable decline of the movement. Conclusion: the resettlement movement is an important part of modern American social reform. It not only helped the poor with a new aid model, changed the minds of a group of young people, but also strengthened the determination of the public to fight social injustice to the end. Finally, many of its rescue methods and ideas are worthy of our reference.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K712.5
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前4条
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