马龙派与现代黎巴嫩民族国家的构建（1840-1943）
发布时间：2018-08-14 14:48
【摘要】：黎巴嫩是阿拉伯国家中唯一的议会民主制共和国,然而其民主制又带有教派政治特征。长期以来,马龙派是黎巴嫩最主要的政治教派。马龙派是东仪天主教的一支,13世纪开始接受梵蒂冈管辖,但是在教义与礼仪方面保留古代东方教会的独特性。它曾经是黎巴嫩最大的社团,最早产生明确的社团认同。马龙派认同是一种以教派为核心的认同,其基本构成要件是正统的基督徒与本土腓尼基人的自我印象。马龙派以教会为社团中心,强调自身族源和文化与其他群体的差异。自19世纪,马龙派认同开始有了政治意义,为黎巴嫩民族主义产生奠定了基础。马龙派教会在19世纪40年代开始提出以社团政治利益为核心的民族主义诉求,标志着黎巴嫩民族国家构建的开端。19世纪40年代,黎巴嫩酋长国不复存在。奥斯曼帝国很快对其进行了短暂的接管,随后在内外压力下分而治之。1860年马龙派与德鲁兹派的大冲突使得自治体制得以在黎巴嫩建立。在自治省时代,黎巴嫩教派政治的雏形开始形成。1918年,作为一战中的战败方,奥斯曼帝国退出了阿拉伯地区。1920年,法国委任统治下的大黎巴嫩建立,为现代黎巴嫩国家奠定了基本的版图与政治框架。1943年,在马龙派领袖与逊尼派领袖的合作与妥协下,黎巴嫩走向独立,至此,现代黎巴嫩国家形成。现代黎巴嫩民族国家是黎巴嫩民族主义与阿拉伯民族主义合力构建而成的。19世纪中叶开始,“奥斯曼主义”、阿拉伯民族主义、“大叙利亚认同”与黎巴嫩民族主义等观念出现并相互角逐。黎巴嫩民族主义指的是马龙派提出的自治计划,萌芽于19世纪40年代,初步形成于19世纪60年代。黎巴嫩独特的地理环境与酋长国的包税制体制为黎巴嫩民族主义提供了天然的土壤。自法赫尔·丁二世起,黎巴嫩蚕丝业迅速发展。在世界市场的裹挟下,蚕丝业的发展不仅促成马龙派的经济、社会与政治实力崛起,而且改变了传统的教派地理格局,并且促成了社会分化。黎巴嫩的教派平衡因此被打破,最终酿成1860年黎巴嫩与大马士革的惨剧。在此背景下,黎巴嫩酋长国崩溃的契机以及外部势力的干预和西方政治思想的传播促成黎巴嫩民族主义的产生。奥斯曼帝国晚期,由于“地方分权党”的活动及影响,黎巴嫩民族主义发展出明确的分离主义倾向。黎巴嫩民族主义的内容随着时代与国际国内背景的变化而不同,但是最基本的特征有两个：一是建立事实上自治或完全独立的黎巴嫩国家,二是保持黎巴嫩马龙派的政治优势。黎巴嫩民族主义的中坚力量是马龙派教会与世俗精英,早期的民族认同以社团认同为核心,因而黎巴嫩民族主义具有强烈的马龙派倾向。
[Abstract]:Lebanon is the only parliamentary democratic republic in the Arab countries, but its democracy is characterized by sectarian politics. Ma Long has long been Lebanon's leading political sect. The Ma Long, a Catholic branch of Dongyi, began to accept Vatican jurisdiction in the 13th century, but retained the uniqueness of the ancient Eastern Church in terms of doctrine and propriety. It was once the largest association in Lebanon and was the first to produce a clear social identity. Ma Long identity is a kind of sectarian identity whose basic component is the self-impression of orthodox Christians and native Phoenicians. Ma Long's church is the center of the community, emphasizing the differences between their ethnic and cultural origins and other groups. Since the 19 th century, the Ma Long identity began to have political significance and laid the foundation for Lebanese nationalism. In the 1840s, the Ma Long church began to put forward the nationalist demands with the political interests of the community as the core, which marked the beginning of the construction of the Lebanese nation-state. In the 1840s, the Emirate of Lebanon ceased to exist. The Ottoman Empire quickly took over, then divided and ruled under internal and external pressure. The great conflict between the Ma Long and the Druze in 1860 allowed the establishment of autonomy in Lebanon. In the era of the autonomous provinces, the rudiments of sectarian politics in Lebanon began to take shape. In 1918, the Ottoman Empire withdrew from the Arab region as the defeated party in World War I. in 1920, Greater Lebanon, under the French mandate, was established. In 1943, under the cooperation and compromise of Ma Long leaders and Sunni leaders, Lebanon moved towards independence, and the modern Lebanese state came into being. The modern Lebanese nation-state was formed by the combination of Lebanese nationalism and Arab nationalism. At the beginning of the mid-19th century, "Ottomanism", "Arab nationalism", Ideas such as Greater Syrian identity and Lebanese nationalism emerged and competed with each other. Lebanese nationalism refers to the autonomy plan put forward by the Ma Long, which originated in the 1840s and initially formed in the 1860s. Lebanon's unique geographical environment and the Emirate's tax system provide the natural soil for Lebanese nationalism. Lebanon's silk industry has grown rapidly since Fahl Din II. Under the influence of the world market, the development of silk industry not only promoted the rise of the economic, social and political power of the Ma Long school, but also changed the traditional sectarian geography pattern and contributed to the social division. This upset the religious balance in Lebanon, leading to the tragic events between Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Against this background, the opportunity of the collapse of the Emirate of Lebanon, the interference of external forces and the spread of western political thought contributed to the emergence of Lebanese nationalism. In the late Ottoman Empire, Lebanese nationalism developed a clear separatist tendency due to the activities and influence of the "decentralized Party". The content of Lebanese nationalism is different with the change of times and international and domestic background, but there are two basic characteristics: one is to establish a de facto autonomous or completely independent Lebanese state, the other is to maintain the political superiority of the Lebanese Ma Long faction. The main force of Lebanese nationalism is the Ma Long church and the secular elite. The early national identity centered on community identity, so Lebanese nationalism has a strong tendency of Ma Long faction.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K378;B976.1
本文编号：2183200
[Abstract]:Lebanon is the only parliamentary democratic republic in the Arab countries, but its democracy is characterized by sectarian politics. Ma Long has long been Lebanon's leading political sect. The Ma Long, a Catholic branch of Dongyi, began to accept Vatican jurisdiction in the 13th century, but retained the uniqueness of the ancient Eastern Church in terms of doctrine and propriety. It was once the largest association in Lebanon and was the first to produce a clear social identity. Ma Long identity is a kind of sectarian identity whose basic component is the self-impression of orthodox Christians and native Phoenicians. Ma Long's church is the center of the community, emphasizing the differences between their ethnic and cultural origins and other groups. Since the 19 th century, the Ma Long identity began to have political significance and laid the foundation for Lebanese nationalism. In the 1840s, the Ma Long church began to put forward the nationalist demands with the political interests of the community as the core, which marked the beginning of the construction of the Lebanese nation-state. In the 1840s, the Emirate of Lebanon ceased to exist. The Ottoman Empire quickly took over, then divided and ruled under internal and external pressure. The great conflict between the Ma Long and the Druze in 1860 allowed the establishment of autonomy in Lebanon. In the era of the autonomous provinces, the rudiments of sectarian politics in Lebanon began to take shape. In 1918, the Ottoman Empire withdrew from the Arab region as the defeated party in World War I. in 1920, Greater Lebanon, under the French mandate, was established. In 1943, under the cooperation and compromise of Ma Long leaders and Sunni leaders, Lebanon moved towards independence, and the modern Lebanese state came into being. The modern Lebanese nation-state was formed by the combination of Lebanese nationalism and Arab nationalism. At the beginning of the mid-19th century, "Ottomanism", "Arab nationalism", Ideas such as Greater Syrian identity and Lebanese nationalism emerged and competed with each other. Lebanese nationalism refers to the autonomy plan put forward by the Ma Long, which originated in the 1840s and initially formed in the 1860s. Lebanon's unique geographical environment and the Emirate's tax system provide the natural soil for Lebanese nationalism. Lebanon's silk industry has grown rapidly since Fahl Din II. Under the influence of the world market, the development of silk industry not only promoted the rise of the economic, social and political power of the Ma Long school, but also changed the traditional sectarian geography pattern and contributed to the social division. This upset the religious balance in Lebanon, leading to the tragic events between Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Against this background, the opportunity of the collapse of the Emirate of Lebanon, the interference of external forces and the spread of western political thought contributed to the emergence of Lebanese nationalism. In the late Ottoman Empire, Lebanese nationalism developed a clear separatist tendency due to the activities and influence of the "decentralized Party". The content of Lebanese nationalism is different with the change of times and international and domestic background, but there are two basic characteristics: one is to establish a de facto autonomous or completely independent Lebanese state, the other is to maintain the political superiority of the Lebanese Ma Long faction. The main force of Lebanese nationalism is the Ma Long church and the secular elite. The early national identity centered on community identity, so Lebanese nationalism has a strong tendency of Ma Long faction.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K378;B976.1
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