日本明治维新时期的科技政策改革及影响
发布时间：2018-08-18 12:39
【摘要】：日本的近代文明始源于明治维新时期。明治政府成立后,为了"富国强兵"以"与万国对峙",实现民族独立、国家富强,政府效仿西方,大力发展资本主义经济,建立了近代资本主义制度,历史上将这段时期的改革称为"明治维新"。明治维新改革主要围绕"文明开化" "富国强兵" "殖产兴业"三大国策进行,在政体、教育、军事、经济等制度方面施行了一系列变革。日本在这个时期的科技引进政策也主要体现在教育、军事、经济等领域内。在教育领域,日本建立了完备的近代教育体系,包括初等教育、中等教育(实业教育和普通中等教育)、高等教育。初等义务教育的普及对西方科学技术的传入和发展有着重要意义,在一定程度上,可以说它为西方文明传入民间扫清了传统的思想障碍;中等教育的发展为日本的工业革命提供了大量技术工人;而近代大学的建立则是日本引入近代文明和近代科学技术的窗口,是近代日本尖端技术人才的摇篮。在军事领域,日本在废除武士特权,实行"全民皆兵"的军制改革基础上,组建近代化新军。首先,建立和发展军事工业。在幕末官营兵工厂的基础上引进西方设备和技师,建立近代军工厂,随着这些军工厂不断的技术革新和发展,到了明治后期,日本的军事工业基本实现了由对外进口向自主研发的转变,摆脱了对西方进口武器的依赖。其次,设立军事院校,培养近代军事人才。明治时期,日本设立了近代军事大学,可以培养出陆、海军所需的不同军种不同层次的人才。包括可以统领作战的高级军事将领,也包括如军医、骑兵、辎重兵、通讯、兽医、炮兵等特种兵。在经济领域,政府政府采取了建立模范示范工厂、设立政府研究所等举措。方面,通过模范工厂的示范作用将近代企业的管理模式和近代产业技术引入民间,另一方面,为民间的工厂企业提供技术支持和指导。明治时期日本科技引进政策的背后,是明治政府对科学技术的正确认识。西方先进的科学技术,产生于适宜科学技术产生和发展的整个西方文明,包括西方"形而下"的"实学"思想,西方的社会制度等因素。要将科学技术引入日本,必先扫除传统思想障碍。明治政府将教育看做向西方学习的先决条件,要想引入西方先进科技,必须建立近代教育体系,快速发展本国的教育事业。日本的教育尤其是高等教育的蓬勃发展,为明治时期百废待兴的日本培养了大批人才,预示着日本的科技发展从向西方的"拿来主义"向"自主研究"的转变。
[Abstract]:Japan's modern civilization originated from the Meiji Restoration period. After the establishment of the Meiji government, in order to achieve national independence and national prosperity, the government emulated the West, vigorously developed the capitalist economy, and established a modern capitalist system in order to "become rich and strong," in order to "confront with all nations." In history, this period of reform is called the Meiji Restoration. The reform of the Meiji Restoration mainly revolved around the three national policies of "civilized civilization", "enriching the country and strengthening the army" and "colonizing the country and building up business", and carried out a series of changes in the system of government, education, military affairs, economy, and so on. Japan's policy of introducing science and technology in this period is mainly reflected in the fields of education, military, economy and so on. In the field of education, Japan has established a complete modern education system, including primary education, secondary education (industrial education and general secondary education), higher education. The popularization of primary compulsory education is of great significance to the introduction and development of western science and technology. To a certain extent, it can be said that it clears the traditional ideological barriers for the introduction of western civilization into the folk. The development of secondary education provided a large number of skilled workers for the industrial revolution in Japan, while the establishment of modern universities was the window for Japan to introduce modern civilization and modern science and technology, and was the cradle of advanced technical talents in modern Japan. In the military field, Japan established the new army on the basis of abolishing the samurai privilege and carrying out the military system reform. First of all, the establishment and development of military industry. On the basis of the introduction of western equipment and technicians at the end of the curtain and the establishment of modern military factories, with the continuous technological innovation and development of these military factories, by the late Meiji period, Japan's military industry basically realized the transition from foreign imports to independent research and development, and got rid of its dependence on imported weapons from the West. Secondly, the establishment of military academies and training of modern military personnel. During the Meiji period, Japan set up a modern military university, which could train different levels of personnel in the army and navy. These include senior generals who can command operations, as well as special forces such as doctors, cavalry, provisions, communications, veterinarians, artillery and so on. In the economic field, the government has taken measures to set up model demonstration factories and government research institutes. On the other hand, the management mode and modern industrial technology of modern enterprises are introduced into the people through the exemplary role of model factories. On the other hand, it provides technical support and guidance for the factory enterprises of the civil society. The Japanese science and technology introduction policy in Meiji period is the correct understanding of science and technology of Meiji government. The advanced science and technology of the west comes from the whole western civilization, which is suitable for the production and development of science and technology, including the western "practical learning" thought and the social system of the west. To introduce science and technology into Japan, we must first remove traditional ideological barriers. The Meiji government regarded education as a prerequisite for learning from the West. In order to introduce advanced western science and technology, it was necessary to establish a modern education system and rapidly develop its own educational undertakings. The vigorous development of Japanese education, especially higher education, has brought up a large number of talents for Japan, which is in the futility of Meiji period. It indicates that the development of science and technology in Japan has changed from "taking advantage" to "independent research" in the West.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：N01;K313.41
本文编号：2189500
[Abstract]:Japan's modern civilization originated from the Meiji Restoration period. After the establishment of the Meiji government, in order to achieve national independence and national prosperity, the government emulated the West, vigorously developed the capitalist economy, and established a modern capitalist system in order to "become rich and strong," in order to "confront with all nations." In history, this period of reform is called the Meiji Restoration. The reform of the Meiji Restoration mainly revolved around the three national policies of "civilized civilization", "enriching the country and strengthening the army" and "colonizing the country and building up business", and carried out a series of changes in the system of government, education, military affairs, economy, and so on. Japan's policy of introducing science and technology in this period is mainly reflected in the fields of education, military, economy and so on. In the field of education, Japan has established a complete modern education system, including primary education, secondary education (industrial education and general secondary education), higher education. The popularization of primary compulsory education is of great significance to the introduction and development of western science and technology. To a certain extent, it can be said that it clears the traditional ideological barriers for the introduction of western civilization into the folk. The development of secondary education provided a large number of skilled workers for the industrial revolution in Japan, while the establishment of modern universities was the window for Japan to introduce modern civilization and modern science and technology, and was the cradle of advanced technical talents in modern Japan. In the military field, Japan established the new army on the basis of abolishing the samurai privilege and carrying out the military system reform. First of all, the establishment and development of military industry. On the basis of the introduction of western equipment and technicians at the end of the curtain and the establishment of modern military factories, with the continuous technological innovation and development of these military factories, by the late Meiji period, Japan's military industry basically realized the transition from foreign imports to independent research and development, and got rid of its dependence on imported weapons from the West. Secondly, the establishment of military academies and training of modern military personnel. During the Meiji period, Japan set up a modern military university, which could train different levels of personnel in the army and navy. These include senior generals who can command operations, as well as special forces such as doctors, cavalry, provisions, communications, veterinarians, artillery and so on. In the economic field, the government has taken measures to set up model demonstration factories and government research institutes. On the other hand, the management mode and modern industrial technology of modern enterprises are introduced into the people through the exemplary role of model factories. On the other hand, it provides technical support and guidance for the factory enterprises of the civil society. The Japanese science and technology introduction policy in Meiji period is the correct understanding of science and technology of Meiji government. The advanced science and technology of the west comes from the whole western civilization, which is suitable for the production and development of science and technology, including the western "practical learning" thought and the social system of the west. To introduce science and technology into Japan, we must first remove traditional ideological barriers. The Meiji government regarded education as a prerequisite for learning from the West. In order to introduce advanced western science and technology, it was necessary to establish a modern education system and rapidly develop its own educational undertakings. The vigorous development of Japanese education, especially higher education, has brought up a large number of talents for Japan, which is in the futility of Meiji period. It indicates that the development of science and technology in Japan has changed from "taking advantage" to "independent research" in the West.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：N01;K313.41
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