俄国伊凡四世改革研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 19:05

【摘要】： 伊凡四世是俄国历史上的第一位沙皇，同时也是沙皇专制制度的奠基者和全方位对外扩张的鼻祖，他在俄国开国史上占有举足轻重的位置。16世纪50年代，伊凡四世为了建立中央集权制度，进行了一系列包括政治、经济、军事和宗教等方面的改革，这些改革有利于生产力的恢复和发展，，对增强俄国经济实力和军事战斗力起到了不可低估的作用。16世纪60年代，伊凡四世为了打击波雅尔分裂势力、巩固沙皇专制制度，在全国推行特辖制。然而，这一制度的实行却阻碍了生产力的发展，导致了俄国经济的崩溃和农民农奴化的加深。由于俄国是内陆国，封闭的地理环境极大的限制了俄国的对外贸易活动和文化交往，阻碍了俄国经济文化的发展。所以，伊凡四世政府面临的一项重要任务，是确定俄国的国际地位，采取积极的对外扩张政策。与此同时，在“重臣拉达”的辅助下，伊凡四世的改革又取得了较好的成果：俄国经济和军事实力增强。然而这却更助长了俄国对外扩张的野心，伊凡四世开始进行全方位、大规模的对外扩张，把经济刚刚勃兴的俄国拖到了经济恶化的泥沼，从而加剧了国内原有的社会矛盾。
[Abstract]:Ivan IV was the first tsar in Russian history, and also the founder of the czarist autocratic system and the ancestor of all-round external expansion. He played an important role in the history of Russia's founding state in the 1650s. In order to establish a centralized system of power, Ivan IV carried out a series of reforms, including political, economic, military and religious reforms, which were conducive to the restoration and development of productive forces. It played an important role in strengthening Russian economic strength and military combat effectiveness. In the 1660s, Ivan IV carried out a special system in the whole country in order to attack the separatist forces of Boyar and consolidate the czarist autocratic system. However, the implementation of this system hindered the development of productive forces and led to the collapse of Russian economy and the deepening of peasant serfdom. As Russia is a landlocked country, the closed geographical environment greatly restricts Russia's foreign trade activities and cultural exchanges, and hinders the development of Russian economy and culture. Therefore, an important task for Ivan IV's government was to determine Russia's international status and adopt an active policy of foreign expansion. At the same time, with the aid of Rada, Ivan IV's reform achieved good results: Russia's economic and military strength increased. However, this increased Russia's ambition to expand abroad. Ivan IV began to expand abroad in all directions and on a large scale, dragging Russia, whose economy had just flourished, to the quagmire of economic deterioration, thus exacerbating the original social contradictions in the country.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K512.3

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