中世纪中后期西欧的城市化研究

发布时间：2018-08-31 15:09

【摘要】：农民作为传统社会的主体,生产力的主要创造者,其生活状况直接体现着社会经济发展的水平,物质和精神文明的发展程度。本文旨在从经济和社会层面对中世纪中后期欧洲农民向城市集中的这一“非农化”现象进行分析。文章采用历史的眼光来解读城市化,企求深入地认识欧洲社会的转型和发展轨迹。所以,本文并未完全遵循“城市化”这一概念,而是按历史演进的顺序将文章分为三大块：城市化的动因、城市化的现象和城市化的影响。中后期的欧洲中世纪经济社会方方面面都在孕育着变化：封建王权正在稳步的集中,而城市一时间是作为国王盟友的地位出现；西欧封建法律制度也在完善,保护出逃农奴的法令时兴；而农民自己也不甘示弱,并且从灵魂深处产生了一种独立自我的认知。经济上,生产能力提高农民收入增加,一时间人口大幅增长；城市本身的发展和城市商品经济的活跃又带动了整个社会的变革。于是,一部分庄园人口或者为了谋生或者为了发展,他们最终选择了出走。他们出走的目的之所以会不同,是因为他们之前的生存状况存在差异,部分农民因为犯事、压迫过重、耕地太少等原因不得已出走,更确切地说是出逃。但同样也有另一批因为生产的发展,积蓄越来越多,但考虑到自身的发展前景和现实地位,最终决定赎身进城,这便是所谓的“有价的自由”。当然还有通过入学、城市地域扩展等方式获得城市居民资格。最终这些农民完成了这一城市化过程,成为城市继续发展的新动力,成为经济社会的大变革推动者。但是在城市体制尚不健全的情况下,大量涌入的人口也给正在发展中的城市带来压力,城市的治安和环境也都存在不少问题。
[Abstract]:As the main body of traditional society and the main creator of productive forces, farmers' living conditions directly reflect the level of social and economic development, the development of material and spiritual civilization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "non-agricultural" phenomenon of the concentration of European farmers into cities in the middle and late Middle Ages from the economic and social aspects. This paper tries to understand the transformation and development of European society from the perspective of history. Therefore, this article does not follow the concept of "urbanization" completely, but divides the article into three parts according to the order of historical evolution: the motivation of urbanization, the phenomenon of urbanization and the influence of urbanization. In the middle and late Middle Ages of Europe, all aspects of the economy and society were pregnant with changes: the feudal Wang Quan was steadily concentrating, while the city appeared as a king's ally for a time, and the feudal legal system in Western Europe was also improving. Laws to protect runaway serfs are in vogue, and the peasants themselves are unyielding and have a sense of their own from the depths of their souls. In economy, the production capacity increases the farmers' income, and the population increases dramatically in a short period of time, and the development of the city itself and the active of the city's commodity economy bring about the transformation of the whole society. As a result, part of the manor population, either to earn a living or to develop, they eventually chose to run away. The purpose of their leaving is different because their living conditions are different, some peasants have to run away because of crime, oppression, too little arable land and so on. But there is also another group of savings because of the development of production, but in view of their development prospects and realistic status, they finally decided to redeem themselves into the city, this is the so-called "valuable freedom." There are, of course, access to school, urban expansion and other ways to obtain urban resident qualifications. Finally, these farmers completed the urbanization process and became the new motive force of the city's continued development and the driving force of great economic and social change. However, under the condition that the urban system is not perfect, the mass influx of population also brings pressure to the developing city, and there are many problems in the city's security and environment.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K56

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