法国拿破仑地籍测绘及其评价

发布时间：2018-09-04 12:02

【摘要】：1789年法国大革命推翻了封建制度,废除了封建杂税,代之以单一的土地税。为满足公平征税的需要,法国革命政府和拿破仑政府,相继推出了在全国实施地籍测绘的计划,并于1811年通过了地籍测绘的纲领性文件——《方法辑要》,由财政部负责实施,并成立专门的地籍委员会。该计划从1808年开始实施,至1850年结束。此计划之所以能实施并完成,一方面,18世纪法国萨瓦、科西嘉岛等地区的地籍测绘经验,为拿破仑地籍测绘准备了技术条件;另一方面,在实施过程中及时调整政策保证了计划的实施,1821年进行地籍改革,废除了地籍的国家职能,并简化了职员组织,测量任务转给私人承包,从而减轻了测量巨额开支压力。但这套地籍系统并非如传统认为那样完美无缺。由于此地籍以公平税收为唯一目的,土地面积和估价成为唯一关注的要点,而私人地产的形状和边界却不被重视,导致地籍图上的地产边界模糊不清,而且当地籍制作后,地产发生变化时,所有更新只有在地籍册中看到,地籍图并无相应的更正,进而导致了一系列问题。
[Abstract]:In 1789, the French Revolution overthrew the feudal system, abolished feudal miscellaneous taxes and replaced them with a single land tax. In order to meet the need of fair taxation, the French revolutionary government and the Napoleon government successively launched a plan to implement cadastral mapping throughout the country, and in 1811 they adopted a programmatic document on cadastral surveying and mapping, which was carried out by the Ministry of Finance. And set up a special cadastral committee. The program began in 1808 and ended in 1850. On the one hand, the experience of cadastral mapping in France's Sava and Corsica in the 18th century prepared the technical conditions for Napoleon's cadastral mapping; on the other hand, In the process of implementation, timely adjustment of policies ensured the implementation of the plan. In 1821, cadastral reform was carried out, the state function of cadastre was abolished, and the organization of staff was simplified, and the surveying tasks were transferred to private contractors, thus reducing the pressure on the measurement of huge expenditures. But the cadastral system is not as perfect as is traditionally thought. Since the sole purpose of this cadastre is to achieve a fair tax, the area and valuation of land is the only concern, while the shape and boundaries of private property are not taken seriously, resulting in the blurring of the land boundary on the cadastral map and when the cadastre is made, When real estate changes, all updates can only be found in the cadastral register, and there are no corresponding corrections to the cadastral map, which leads to a series of problems.
【作者单位】：上海社会科学院历史研究所;
【分类号】：K565.4;P271

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